Diversity Worksheet Essay

1. What is diversity? Why is diversity valued? I have learned that diversity has various different definitions but I will only focus on the Webster’s Dictionary meaning. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, diversity is â€Å"the condition of having or being composed of differing elements: Variety; especially: the inclusion of different types of people (as people of different races or cultures) in a group or organization.† To summarize this definition or make it simple, diversity is to include people from different races, religions, genders, ages, ethnicities, and cultural backgrounds all in one place. Diversity is valued because it teaches us how to accept and understand differences in people and to look beyond personal biases or emotions of language, culture, and race. It also teaches us to be more open and enhances our knowledge of all things or people that are different from us. 2. What is ethnocentrism? In what ways can ethnocentrism be detrimental to a society? Ethnocentrism is the feeling that one’s group or culture is superior to another. Ethnocentrism makes a person bias against other cultures and ethnic groups, makes a person look down on others, and makes a person feel that other cultures are inferior to their own. Furthermore, ethnocentrism can be detrimental to a society in many ways.One way is racism, which is a problem that has plagued our society for decades and has caused violence and death. Ethnocentrism has also caused war and genocide such as the Holocaust. During the time of the Holocaust, the Nazis (who were German) believed that Germans were racially superior and the Jews were inferior. This belief led to the Nazis killing a lot of Jews, disabled people, and homosexuals. In today’s society, I am not sure if ethnocentrism would go that far but it would still harm our society. It can cause more violence, discrimination, and coflicts acrtoss the world. 3. Define emigration and immigration. Emigration is to leave ones’s country permanently to live in another. Immgration is defined as coming into a new country as a permanent resident. Schaefer, R. T. states that â€Å"from Vietnam’s perspective, the â€Å"boat people† were emigrants from Vietnam to the United States, but in the United States they were counted among this nation’s immigrants.† This is how the two terms are different. 4. What are some of the ways groups of people are identified? Groups of people are identified by dominant and subordinate groups to include their race, ethnicity, religion, and gender. The racial group refers to people who are socially set apart because of physical differences. The ethic group is set apart because of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. The religious group is set apart because they are associated with a religion other than the dominant faith. The gender group suggests that men are the social majority and women are the minority. Finally there are other subordinate groups that people are identified by such as age, disability status, physical appearance, and sexual orientation. 5. Why do people label and group other people? I believe that some people label and group other people because this is the way they were taught. On the other hand, there are some people who label and group other people because of ignorance. For those who were brought up with prejudice, they continue to label people because it is easier to go off of what they were taught than to look up the facts on their own. Furthermore, I feel that people label and group other people in order to make themselves look good or seem superior. They want to feel as if they are better than others. Labeling and grouping people is judgemental and can easily be avoided if people would just learn other people for themselves. 6. Define culture. Is culture limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds? Explain. Culture is the beliefs, social forms, and material traigts of a race, religion, or social group. It is also the characteristic features of everyday existence shared by people in a place or time (Merriam-Webster online, 2013). Culture can refer to many areas in a society and is not only limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds. Culture can also refer to other areas such as education, business, and science.

To Kill a Mockingbird Part 1 Chapter Summaries

Harper Lee; To Kill A Mockingbird CHAPTER SUMMARIES Part 1 Chapter 1 The story is narrated by a young girl named Jean Louise Finch, who is almost always called by her nickname, Scout. Scout describes her family's history and her town, Maycomb. She and her brother, Jem, are also introduced to Dill, and the children share their stories and imaginations about the man next door. Chapter 2 September arrives, and Dill leaves Maycomb to return home. Meanwhile, Scout goes to school for the first time, of which she has been eagerly waiting for. However, it does not go as well as she had expected†¦. Chapter 3 Walter Cunningham comes to lunch with the Finches and Scout learns a lesson in manners from Calpurnia and a lesson of compromise from Atticus. Back at school, Miss Caroline discovers what a ‘cootie’ is. Chapter 4 The rest of the school year passes grimly for Scout as she does not like the slow curriculum. After school one day, Scout and Jem find some mysterious presents in the knothole of an old oak tree on the Radley property. Dill returns, and the kids play a new game. Chapter 5 Jem and Dill grow closer, and Scout begins to feel left out of their friendship. As a result, she starts spending time with one of their neighbors: Miss Maudie Atkinson. And the children's fascination with Boo Radley continues. Chapter 6 On Dill’s last night, the three kids venture out to try and see into Boo Radley's back window. This adventure leads to terrifying results, especially for Jem. The kids are forced to lie when the neighbourhood hears the commotion. Chapter 7 A few days after the kids adventure, Jem finally tells Scout what actually happened to him that night and as the summer comes to a close, Scout and Jem find more presents in the Radley tree, but their reward is suddenly cut off by Mr. Radley. Chapter 8 Winter comes quickly, bringing a rare snowstorm to Maycomb. Miss Maudie's house is ruined in a fire and whilst the neighbourhood is helping, Jem and Scout are asked to stay put by the Radley place where scout has a rare encounter with Boo without even knowing it. Chapter 9 Scout runs into trouble with both a classmate and a cousin when the two boys taunt her about her father, whom they call a â€Å"nigger lover. † Atticus explains to Scout that he will be defending a black man named Tom Robinson. Chapter 10 Scout had previously thought that Atticus was too old to do anything. However discovers that he does actually possess some talents, when he is asked to shoot a sick dog with one shot of a rifle and gets it, this amazed Scout and Jem. Chapter 11 Jem and Scout learn more about their neighbour Mrs. Dubose, Jem in more ways than one as he is asked to read to Mrs. Dubose every afternoon as a punishment. About a month after jem had completed this, Mrs. Dubose died of a morphine addiction.

Globalization Comparative Essay – Pros and Cons

Globalisation From the 20th century to today, with advanced communication and transport possibilities, grows the ratio of companies and countries providing wide scale of investments and business activities internationally. Moreover, the number of people migrating across the globe is significantly increasing. In other words, the world as we know it today, is different than the world of yesterday. Thus, it is changing into one huge, global, village. The term ‘globalisation’ interprets â€Å"worldwide integration and development. † (Dictionary. om 2012) Like every change, especially those of such a massive volume, also the model of globalised and integrated world is dividing society, not only academic, into two different argumentative positions. Proposition and opposition. Many people believe that the globalisation causes more negatives than positives on the economies of countries in the world. This essay discusses various impacts of globalisation on economies consid ered from two common points of view. Primary are compared positives and negatives caused by integration of countries worldwide.Subsequently, it is necessary to realize the importance of the ‘Third world’ in the process of globalisation, therefore this essay also investigates the case of developing countries and various benefits for them as well as the crucial damages caused by liberalisation of their economic environment and entrance of powerful multi-national corporations into local markets. One of the basic characteristics of an integrated world is that countries are more likely to help each other in the case of economic problems, because they are interdependent.Companies invest internationally, governments cooperate and sign bilateral or multilateral international agreements and establish unions (Commonwealth, NAFTA, EU,†¦) to simplify trade and flow of capital. Moreover, bank sector operates with the assets all around the world. All these examples belong to the category of international trade. With the formation of world market and multinational investments is strongly connected the sharing of interests spread worldwide.Therefore, â€Å"international trade is taken to be an indicator of interdependence, its high and with some interruptions rapidly growing values are accepted as evidence of the increasing interdependence of nations. † (IMF 2001) If conditions in countries are sound and economic environment healthy, businesses are making profit, export goods and pay income tax and CLO fees. On the other hand, if one country has various financial or debt problems, economic performance of particular region is weak. Businesses are making loss or are less likely to enter the market and international trade decreases.This fact motivates states to protect each other from the bankrupt and keep economic environment healthy. For example in European Union is established European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism for the purposes of protecting s tates from the bankrupt and keeping economic performance satisfactory. â€Å"This mechanism provides financial assistance to EU Member States in financial difficulties. † (European Commission 2012) Globalisation leads to increase in rich-poor gap. In terms of rich-poor gap is meant the difference in wealth between ‘rich north’ and ‘poor south’, in other words, developed and developing countries.Only wealthy companies can provide financially demanding investments across the borders. Considering fact that firms are profit-maximisers, substantive reason for investing of capital and resources in developing countries is expense reduction; consequently they are enlarging profit. Costs of labour and production intakes, as well as taxes, are not inconsiderably lower than in developed countries. However, all the profit made in developing world flows back to the developed world. According to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, in year 2007 was net inflow of capital into developing countries 196. bill. USD and overall export of capital was 772 bills. USD. (UNCTAD 2007) Moreover, companies investing abroad are so rich and powerful, that they can rule the market in smaller countries and take a competitive advantage. In developing countries are various problems to be solved by the businesses, beginning with poor infrastructure or lack of qualified workforce, ending with weak financial performance of local businesses to overcome these issues. On the other hand, multi-national companies have much more resources available to enter the market and their strong background provides them a competitive advantage. While local firms often find it difficult to compete with these firms, MNCs appear to be doing very well in spite of the competitive challenges faced. † (Ogutu and Samuel 2011, p. 1) Globalisation contributes to the improvement of the economies in developing countries. Firms enter the undeveloped market and invest their capital. Afterwards, these companies start to produce goods, employ people and sell their products and services. Furthermore, expands import and export of various supplies and materials in and from a specific country.Market in particular regions evolves and becomes liberalised as an impact of product exchange and international investments. â€Å"†¦liberalisation leads to further development of a country's financial system which in turn is thought to enhance productivity in the real economy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Arestis and Singh 2010, pp. 11-12) In addition, the national budgets of countries benefit mostly from CLO-fees, income tax and GST set on all sold goods and services. Furthermore, citizens can take an advantage of working opportunities, including personal improvement and further qualification, provided by international companies and, of course, their income increases.Living standard of the population rises. As the evidence of such globalisation impact is considered the increa se in GDP and improvement of economies in developing countries. For instance: â€Å"Globalization in India had a favorable impact on the overall growth rate of the economy†¦growth rate in the 1970’s was very low at 3%†¦ above 8% was an achievement by the Indian economy during the year 2003-04. † (Goyal 2006, p 168) Contrasty, in the long run vantage point, globalisation causes various damaging negatives to each economy, mostly of smaller, not very powerful (developing and less developed) countries.The circle of naturally changing periods of productivity and recession in economy is considered to be an economic law. During the recession, which is regularly repeating status of each market economy in the world, the liberalised markets of particular countries, depending on multi-national corporations (foreign bank sector, several industrial sectors), are very threatened. Once recession begins, firms are reducing their production, closing factories and releasing em ployees. As a consequence is possible to observe fall in productivity, decrease of economic performance and increasing unemployment.Arestis and Singh assume, that â€Å"the financial crisis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (the period of recession) â€Å"†¦of August 2007 and the subsequent spread of it in the rest of the economy and the world, does not augur well at all for the poor, especially so in the developing world. † (Arestis and Singh 2010, p 7) If economies depend on those corporations and world market in general, they could find themselves in a disastrous situation. â€Å"Impact of the crisis can be realized by dramatically reduced capital inflow and a large private external refinancing†¦that all reflects on the reduction of export performance and a drastic fall in export markets. (Djordjevic and Stoiljkovic 2009 p 264) For completion of the story of India it is important to adjust situation of Indian economy after year 2006. â€Å"Due to globalization, the Indian economy cannot be insulated from the present financial crisis in the developed economies. â€Å" (Prasad and Reddy 2009) Furthermore, according to Prasad’s and Reddy’s research, the Indian economy was affected in various sectors from increase of unemployment, fall in investments and exports,†¦ This whole model of Indian economy describes clearly short- and long-run effects of globalisation process and interdependence of countries in the world.The integration of economies brings definitely benefits in the short run, but has destructive consequences in the long run, spreading the crisis between countries rapidly. Investigating and considering of all proposing and opposing arguments relevant for the discussion about globalisation, it is possible to conclude that the process of integration and development might have several positive effects on cooperation of the countries and, in addition, short-run positive affect on economies of developing countries.However, in long-run i t is possible to recognize several problems with financial help of the states between each other, based on enormous amounts payable for the countries which have debts. (Greece, Spain, Italy,†¦) As Dixon suggests, â€Å"the bailout fund doesn’t have enough money to rescue both Madrid and Rome. † (Dixon 2012) Moreover, considering the outflow of capital from developing countries and therefore enlarging the rich-poor gap and profits of multi-national companies, improvement in economies of developing countries could appear as irrelevant.Destructing effect on the people living in third world countries is in long-run very possible. At least the risk of possible damage is so enormous that it is significant that the globalisation causes more harm than good on the economies not only of the ‘Third world’ countries. Reference list Arestis, P & Singh, A 2010, ‘FINANCIAL GLOBALISATION AND CRISIS, INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION AND EQUITY’, Centre for Bu siness Research, University of Cambridge, Working paper No. 405, pp. 11-12. Available from www. cbr. cam. ac. uk [22. 9. 2012]Djordjevic, M & Stojilikovic, S 2009, ‘GLOBALIZATION AND THE CHALLENGES OF THE WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS’, FACTA UNIVERSITATIS Series: Economics and Organisation Vol. 6, No. 3, 2009, p. 264. Available from: http://facta. junis. ni. ac. rs [22. 9. 2012] Goyal, K A 2006, ‘Impact of Globalization on Developing Countries (With Special Reference To India)’, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Issue 5 (2006), p. 168. Available from: www. eurojournals. com/finance. htm [22. 9. 2012] http://blogs. reuters. com/hugo-dixon/tag/european-central-bank/ http://ec. europa. eu/economy_finance/eu_borrower/efsm/index_en. tm http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/06/streeten. htm Ogutu, M & Samuel C n. d. , STRATEGIES ADOPRET BY MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS TO COME WITH COMPETITION IN KENYA, University of Nairobi, Nairobi Kenya , p. 1 Available from: http://www. aibuma. org/ [22. 9. 2012] Prasad, A & Reddy,P 2009,’Global Financial Crisis and Its Impact on India’, J Soc Sci 21(1): 1-5 (2009), 2009. Available from: http://www. krepublishers. com United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2008, DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBALISATION: Facts and Figures, United Nations Publication, Geneva, p. 16

Monetary Economics in Developing Countries Essay

Monetary Economics in Developing Countries - Essay Example The two exchange rate systems have their advantages and disadvantages in their application in a country’s economy. The advantages of the fixed exchange rate system include stimulating international trade as they offer much more stability for both importers and exporters and as such, they do not have to worry about the effects of currency appreciation and depreciation. Fixed exchange rate systems are also said to have a bit of control over the speculative nature of importers and exporters and thus reduce to a certain extent speculative activity in trade practices. This regime disadvantage can be depicted in the inefficiency of a country’s economy. This happens as a result of the government’s artificial support of the exchange rate which means it does not change accordingly with changes in the prevailing economic conditions and thus may loose out from the benefits that would be felt in the economy if the rate was adjusted according to the existing conditions. Furth ermore, the dependence of interest rates on the exchange rate can lead to reduced economic growth of a country in cases where they differ greatly with those being experienced in the market. In cases where one of the countries involved in the fixed exchange rate system agreement has a weaker economy, it may be dominated by the country with a stronger economy and at the same time undermine the prevailing market situation in the country with the weaker economy. Similarly, the flexible exchange rate regime has its advantages and disadvantages. The major advantage of this regime is its flexibility as it allows a country’s economy to adjust quickly to prevailing market conditions. This system also determines the interest rate in a country allowing for effective control of the economy in order to create balance. Despite its advantages, the flexible exchange rate system may lead to volatility in the market as it does not encourage

Criminal Behavior and the Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Criminal Behavior and the Law - Assignment Example Crime is a disgraced act or violation of a public law. Today, the crime rate in almost every country has reached its heights and not a single individual can be fully safe from any specific criminal act. Implementation of crime prevention strategies plays a significant role in reducing the crime rate effectively. The role of criminologists, criminalists, and forensic psychologists is very important in dealing with crimes. In the United States of America, different types of crimes occur which are reported by the Uniform Crime Reporting. Some of the major types of crimes reported by UCR include forcible rapes, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, and vehicle theft. In this paper, the focus will be on white-collar crimes, blue-collar crimes, index-one crimes, and index-two crimes measured by Uniform Crime Reports of the FBI. In the broad context, all criminologists, criminalists, and forensic psychologists work for the same purpose, which is, reduction or prevention of crimes. However, there are big differences in the working of these professionals. Studying all three fields related to the field of criminal justice, it can be said that the professionals of all three fields work together to deal with crimes. Criminologists deal more with the study of criminal behaviors and analysis of different crime prevention techniques as compared than actually participating in crime prevention. They provide proper solutions and assessments to government agencies, law enforcement agencies, correctional systems, and police officials. They also provide academic services in colleges and universities. According to Rothe and Friedrichs (2006), criminology deals with the identification of the causes of crimes and their prevention measures from sociology perspective. The field of criminalists, on the other hand, is related more closely to the field of forensic science. Criminalists

Eu law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Eu law - Essay Example The case commenced in the Politierechter (Magistrate Dealing with Commercial Offences). The action was brought by the officier Van Justitie (Public Prosecutor). The defendant was the company KOLPINGHUIS NIJMEGEN BV (its legal representative). This case was referred to the European Court of Justice by the ARRONDISSE-MENTSRECHTBANK (DISTRICT COURT), ARNHEM, Netherlands. The above judicial authority of Netherlands brought this case in the European Court of Justice in accordance with the article 177 of the EEC Treaty asking for a preliminary ruling (in order for this ruling to be used in the criminal proceeding pending before the specific national court regarding the case under examination). The national court (the District Court of Netherlands) brought this case before the ECJ based on the existence of the Council Directive 80/77/EEC of 15 July 1980 ‘on the approximation of the Laws of the Member States relating to the exploitation and marketing of natural mineral waters’ and particularly to the provision included in this Directive that ‘the member states are to take the measures necessary to ensure that only waters extracted from the ground of a member state and recognized by the responsible authority of that member state as natural mineral waters satisfying the provisions of the particular Directive’ (par. 3 of the case). In the particular case the following parties intervened in order to submit their observations: The Netherlands Government (which is the state directly related with the case under examination), The Italian Government, the United Kingdom and the Commission of The European Communities. The reference to the appearance and the intervention of these parties is made in the section of case which refers to the distribution of the costs related with the case brought before the ECJ. In accordance with the ECJ the Directive 80/777 could not have been enforced against the

Ethics in Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics in Business - Case Study Example Ethics and business rules always go together. The fact that business policing is based upon the different measures of complete recognition of social norms and social limitations, ethics is indeed a large part of the ways by which business organizations try to strive to be able to become more effective within their operational engagements with regards their aim of being able to influence the society as well. It is indeed certain that the rules and regulation that a business puts up should be able to meet certain standards of social compromises. Any business organization could not afford to be questioned simply because of the fact that the business procedures that they are adapting to are not meeting the set standards for business organizations. (Kuhn, 2005, 12) To be able to have a clearer view of the matter being reported herein, it is first most importantly to be given attention to as to how management is indeed in relation with the actual application of ethical standards within the society. To be able to do this, there are three major points to consider. The said points are as follows: †¢ The effect of organizational culture on ethical operation †¢ The roles and responsibilities of executive management in fostering an ethical operating environment †¢ The impact of ethical standards as they are used in business operations ... (Kuhn, 2005, 12) To be able to have a clearer view of the matter being reported herein, it is first most importantly to be given attention to as to how management is indeed in relation with the actual application of ethical standards within the society. To be able to do this, there are three major points to consider. The said points are as follows: The effect of organizational culture on ethical operation The roles and responsibilities of executive management in fostering an ethical operating environment The impact of ethical standards as they are used in business operations Through the consideration given to these particular sections of the said matter, the continuous advancement of the report shall be completed as to how it could relate to the actual practice of several business organizations who are actually applying ethical management in creating the policies for their own businesses. The Essence of Organizational Management Organizational management involves several serious tasks that concern not only the whole company but also its stakeholders. This is the reason why the need for the fine application of ethical leadership is essential for the pursuance of rightful managerial policing processes. Management, as known to many is a performed function in every organizational set up that is essential for arranging the activities of certain business groups. The said act of organizing a business group indeed requires a high level of leadership skills. As for this reason, governance then is considered a responsibility that demands effort and patience in dealing with other people (Humes-Schulz, 2002, 15). As the present human

Forensic Computing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Forensic Computing - Case Study Example This involves data recoveries, retrievals, analysis, and tracing and decrypting of all the data that has been used in any deceitful activity. The word forensic is used in the context of legal argumentation. Forensic computing is also termed as digital forensics and cyber forensics. It is a branch of forensics related to computer and other digital media. It involves collection, preservation and analysis of the data available on the computer. The definition presented by Computer Forensic world: the field primarily involves â€Å"use of analytical and investigative techniques to identify, collect, examine, and preserve evidence /information which is magnetically stored or encoded† (1). In other words, forensic computing deals with retrieval of data, and events reconstruction that was performed over the digital media. The scope of forensic investigation involves audio examinations, signal interpretation, repairing the damaged media. Photogrammetry is another aspect of digital fore nsic tracking that includes measuring and monitoring the physical measures of an image by making use of geometric formulae and then making a comparison based on on-site observations. Several factors come as constraints along with computer forensics and the first being the costs since all the equipment used in these processes is high tech and state of the art, large investments are inducted into it. The second hurdle that could be faced by the forensic body is the approval and acceptance of all the proofs by the court. They must prove it to the court that no information is altered and all the legal responsibilities have been fulfilled while conducting the operations. The staff inducted in digital forensic must be knowledgeable and should be able to think about many possibilities and should have knowledge beyond the books. Potential clues and areas that the forensic team would target DNA samples Voice samples Any image used in the process The network used for performing the task ( usu ally in case of credit card and bank accounts forgery) Fingerprints on the electronic equipments Answering machines recordings Miscellaneous electronic equipment Introduction: The aim of forensic computing is to make online activities secure, stop illegal activities that are going on, identify and apprehend the guilty, avoid financial and personal damages to individuals and organizations that might be incurred by the online use. Standard procedures must be followed and all the evidence brought in front of the court must be in a formal pattern that can stand as evidence. In case of actions, warrants are obtained from the authorities for the areas and houses that are suspected of any wrongdoings. A giant step in the direction of forensic computing was taken in 1984 when the F.B.I Magnetic Media Program was created which was later converted into Computer Analysis and Response Team (C.A.R.T). F.B.I report for the year 2003 reported a total of $900,000 netted through computer crime (2). By 2003 F.B.I (C.A.R.T) were looking into 783 terabytes of data as a case of forensic evidence and cases handling. In 1997 G8 ordered training of individuals for looking into matters related to online counterfeit activities .C.A.R.T provides assistance to F.B.I in tracking e-evidence and accessing the accounts and provides other technical support needed by F.B.I in conducting forensic activities. Part of C.A.R.T job is to monitor live activities that are going online. Their task is to provide monitoring in business environment including the banks and government-owned organizations, insurance companies, personal accounts that contain the people’s private life and their safety concerned, corporate level that includes the annual reports, facts and data and institutes of any region whose data can be misused by any fraudulent activities performed online.     Ã‚  

Eulogy for Willy Loman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eulogy for Willy Loman - Essay Example We got married and I became his legal, and beloved wife all his life. We had two children who happened to be both boys. Our sons are named Happy Loman and Biff Loman. Happy is a businessperson and Biff Loman who is a good athlete and is the late Willy’s eldest son. The deceased was a brother to the late Ben. My brother in law Ben was an elder brother and a mentor to my husband. The late Willy was an industrious man who worked under Howard Hagner as a salesperson for a period of 34 years. He worked through the vicissitudes of his employment with meager wages, and tirelessly tried to ensure that we educated our two sons and offered necessary guidance when it came to our sons’ future success and prosperity. When he met his death, he was always on board since his job involved a lot of travelling to different cities. He was mobile, traversing the country also lived in Boston where we had another house. In spite of being regarded a non realist, I knew my husband liked people and was liked back by our neighbors among them Charlie and will be remembered for he was fond of playing cards. He maintained good relations with his employer and enjoyed in the greatest bit his work. Willy was a loving husband and greatly loved by his wife Linda. He was a father with resolute and strong stand on matters that pertain to our sons irrespective of being viewed not to be in touch with realism. Before he met his death, my husband was involved in a series of unexplained accidents unt il the recent one that ultimately killed him. He always survived these accidents. However, before the final accident, he uttered decisive words just before he left the house. He was upset and mentioned to me something related to his funeral attendance and how it will have a multitude. These words he told me, are those that today make his death presumed a suicide. Nevertheless, my husband died on road carnage just like he previously did but the latter was severe and

Compare and contrast at least two anthropological interpretations of Essay

Compare and contrast at least two anthropological interpretations of the term culture - Essay Example Their vision of culture influenced anthropological thinking for at least fifty years. Culture, as a guidance system, leads society to notice important differences between humans and other phenomena that get directed. Humans and their guides are often in conflict. Humans, or peculiar primates, create a peculiar guidance system, one that is praised, died for, evaded, avoided, and taught to young children. Intuitively, all we know about culture makes sense. C. Geertz represents a symbolic anthropology school which underlines a key role of symbols (thoughts) in society and its culture. Geertz develops and discusses the main ideas about culture and its meaning in The Interpretation of Culture (1973) and Local Knowledge: Further essays in Interpretive Anthropology (1983). It is important to note that this school of thoughts is also called an interpretive anthropology, paying a special attention to semiotic nature of culture. Under the leadership of Clifford Geertz, culture generates considerable excitement as a semiotic concept. Ideas and concepts used in his theories, Geertz took from the work of Gilbert Ryle and translating his philosophical ideas into notions usable by anthropologists, Geertz is revitalizing an old link with philosophy. This revitalization movement has its own vision of culture. According to Geertz, culture is no longer a map lodged in human minds; it is no longer plans, recipes, and rules. Culture, now, is traffic in things which impose meaning. More completely, and in Geertz's words, culture is traffic in anything "that is disengaged from its mere actuality and used to impose meaning upon experience" (Geertz 1973, p. 45). Within this context, human activity is well described as a "text," and a culture as an assemblage of texts. In presenting texts to interested publics and in interpreting their meanings, anthropologists assume old roles with some new labels, observers, scribes, translators, and interpreters. The documents anthropologists present must be deeply embedded in the contextual richness of social life; a text, that is, must be a "thick" description. Geertz defines culture as "a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which people communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life" (Geertz 1973, p. 89). The problem is, it is quite easy to write a text that is thick, but it is very difficult to write a text that is valid. The problem has not escaped Geertz. He admits that it is difficult to fathom "what our informants are up to and what it all means." Also, he settles rather cheaply for "doing the best we can" and using a lot of guessing. In his words: Cultural analysis is (or should be) guessing at meaning, assessing the guesses, and drawing explanatory conclusions from the better guesses, not discovering the Continent of Meaning and mapping out its bodiless landscape. (1973: 15) Guessing, a fundamental strategy in science, generally passes under the more prestigious name of hypothesizing. And hypothesizing, in traditional science, is but part of the opening moves. In the middle game and the end game scientists (1) build and use models and (2) utilize verification procedures. Instead of formal models, Geertz provides two general and rather strange images. Humans, for Geertz, are like spiders "suspended in webs of significance"

The Cretaceous Period Essay Example for Free

The Cretaceous Period Essay In the Cretaceous Period started when the Jurassic period ended, which was exactly 144 million years ago and was also longer than any other period, reaching to approximately 65 million years. The Cretaceous period also marks the end of the Dinosaurs, who were destroyed by the meteorite that struck the earth 65 million years ago. In the Cretaceous Period there was a newly discovered bird or glider called, The Microraptor Gui or also known as The Dinosaur with Four Wings, which was believed to show how birds evolved from a group of small dinosaurs called dromaeosaurs. The Microraptor gui was discovered in the Jiufotang Formation in western Liaoning, China. The Microraptor Gui is 77 cm in length and has four wings. What’s different about this species is that it has a wing on each of its hind limbs. On January 23 in the issue of the journal Nature, Xu Xing, a paleontologist at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, China, says that in the the species was an early ancestor of birds that most likely used its feathered limbs, along with its long feather-fringed tail, to soar from tree to tree. The dominant life in the Cretaceous Period was the dinosaurs they also branched out in to previously less-dominant species like horned dinosaurs. There were also insects, birds, and even mammals although they were the smallest animal life at the time period. The early Cretaceous Period is where plant life, also known as Angiosperms, first began to blossom, this caused a growth in insects populations. The climate was the coldest for the Mesozoic times as glaciers appeared at the poles. Due to the steady increase of CO2 levels the cooler weather was gone and a warming period replaced it.

Beer Wars Essay Example for Free

Beer Wars Essay Beer Wars is documentary about the American beer industry and how the 3 largest US breweries try to drive out the competition. This documentary covers how lobbyists are used to control the beer market and drive out smaller breweries such as Dogfish Head Brewery, Stone Brewery, and Moonshot: all producers of craft beer. The documentary describes how a 3 tier system was put into place to separate the powers of selling beer and prevent a monopoly but the laws that were put into place to prevent the monopoly, infact, promoted the size and strength of the largest beer corporations. An oligopoly was formed and maintained between Anheuser Busch, Coors, and Miller. Porter’s Five Forces Model is a business strategy that was covered in Beer Wars. Anat Barron described how difficult it was for small craft beer makers to be new entrants to the beer industry. When Anheuser Busch felt the least bit threatened, they had the capital and access to distribution channels that the smaller breweries did not have. The craft breweries found it greatly difficult to compete with the big 3 because they were not a substitute for the Big 3’s product, they were a small competitor. Anheuser Busch controlled the bargaining power because they were able to keep prices down due to their size and pockets while small craft breweries had to be more expensive because of the quality and care that went into it on top of having to pay a higher rate for ingredients compared to the other large corporations. To cite an example of the deep pockets that the big 3 had, Anheuser Busch came out with beer with caffeine in response to Moonshot beer, which was a craft beer (and the first of it’s kind). It can be viewed as theft but they had the pockets to Moonshot out. They targeted the bars and stores that carried Moonshot and gave them free cases of Anheuser Busch’s version of Moonshot beer. Though illegal some bars took it because it was free and busch had better prices to drive moonshot out. The intensity of competitive rivalry was at an all-time high when it came to Anheuser Busch trying to weed out the smaller breweries. The big 3 breweries managed to control the market share through advertising on tv , sponsorships, and on the store shelves through strategic placement of their product. The three tier system that separates the powers of selling beer delves into how lobbyists are used to control the beer market. Anheuser Busch uses their deep pockets to get rid of competition from small craft beer makers and control consumer choice. They purchase other beer corporations. Although only touched upon briefly towards the end of the film, Anat touched upon how Coors and Miller had to go into a 50/50 joint venture to compete with Anheuser Busch. Coors and Miller scanned the beer environment and realized that they could not keep a myopic view and hope for things to turn around. They knew that in order for each to survive, they needed to join forces. They were easier for Anheuser to take out individually but stronger as a whole.

History and Properties of Rubber

History and Properties of Rubber History of Rubber Rubber was first discovered by the Indians living in Central and South America at around 1000 CE. The native people of the Americas used latex from the rubber trees (which they called it the cahuchu tree) and learned how to make waterproof clothes and footwears.1 They also used the latex to make bouncing balls for ball games.1 In 1736, a French explorer named Charles Marie de La Condamine travelled to Ecuador and discovered the Hevea tree (which is known as the rubber tree), he was the first European to have discovered rubber. He sent samples of this rubber to the French Academy of Sciences, this prompted their interest of rubber.2 Figure 1: Latex liquid collected from the Hevea rubber tree 3 In 1770, English engineer named Edward Nairne created several rubber cubes and discovered that they had erasing properties. This meant that they can be able to erase pencil marks, this was later confirmed by English scientist named Joseph Priestley.4 In 1768, a French Chemist named Pierre Macquer studied the properties of the rubber found in South America. He found that when rubber is dissolved in ether, flexible tubes can be produced 5, this has led to rubber being an important material to many everyday applications. In 1791, a British shoemaker named Samuel Peal developed a method for waterproofing cloth, this was done by mixing turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees) with rubber.6 In 1818, a Scottish surgeon named James Syme manufactured raincoats from waterproof cloth made from rubber.7 This was then later developed by Scottish chemist named Charles Macintosh. In 1823, he developed a method of making better waterproof raincoats by dissolving rubber with naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar) and then placing it with another cloth (in order to improve the thickness of the coat). The waterproof coat became known as the Mackintosh coat.8 Figure 2: The Mackintosh Coat 9 In 1832, the first rubber factory was built, it was known as the Rosburg factory. Regrettably, when the rubber products made from the factory were left in the cold, it made them brittle, and when they were left in the sun the rubber melted, leaving customers to be discouraged.8 For many years, scientists have tried to develop new methods of increasing the strength of rubbers without being successful. However, in 1839, an American chemist named Charles Goodyear had accidently discovered a new way of making rubbers more durable. What he done was he accidentally dropped some mixture of natural rubber and sulphur on a hot stove, this has led to the vulcanization of the rubber. 8 In 1845, a Scottish inventor named Robert William Thompson invented the pneumatic tyre, this consisted of an inner belt made from natural rubber that was inflated with air, this was a major development to the motor industry because heavy steam engines could be able to travel on the roads without damaging the surface, this was further developed in 1869 where solid and hollow rubber were used to make the tyres. In the 1850s, rubber toys were being produced. 8 In 1876, an English explorer named Henry Wickham smuggled several seeds from the Hevea brasiliensis (which is the rubber tree found in Brazil) and took it to England. The English exported these seeds around the world, this has led to the increase in the supply of natural rubber around the world. 10 In 1883, an American chemist named George Oenslager developed a new method of accelerating the vulcanization of natural rubber with sulphur.7 He converted aniline into thiocarbanilide because it was easier to handle. From several experiments he conducted, he found out that thiocarbanilide was a good rubber accelerator for the vulcanization process. He was the first person to use carbon black as a filler for the rubber because it increased the strength of the rubber. 11 In 1909, a German scientist named Fritz Hofmann and his fellow scientists produced the first synthetic rubber known as methyl isoprene however the problem with this rubber is that it was expensive to make.12 In 1930, an American scientist named Wallace Carothers and his team produced a compound called chloropropene which then polymerised to form a solid which had a rubbery texture. The team had found out that the properties of this new polymer was similar to that of natural rubber. This polymer was named as Neoprene and was the first commercially successful synthetic rubber.13 Also in the 1930s, a German chemist named Walter bock had developed a new synthetic rubber which had better properties than that of natural rubber. He first tried to copolymerise dimethyl butadiene with isoprene and butadiene, this was successful as the new polymer had similar properties to the natural rubber. He then replaced dimethyl butadiene with styrene and copolymerised with butadiene, the polymer was named as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber). This polymer was better than natural rubber because it did not wear out quicker than its counterpart, the polymer was later known as Buna-S for commercial purposes. 14 A better synthetic rubber was later developed by copolymerising acrylonitrile with butadiene, the polymer was known as NBR (Nitrile-butadiene rubber), it was the later known as Buna-N for commercial purposes. In 1940, an American inventor named Waldon Semon produced a new synthetic rubber known as Ameripol, this was made by copolymerising butadiene with methyl methacrylate. This synthetic rubber was cheap and easy to make, so it was a no-brainer that it was used in World War 2, and helped out rubber companies such as the Goodyear Tyre and Rubber Company during the war. After the war, the need for natural rubber died down, and the need for synthetic rubbers increased dramatically.15 In the 1960s, EPDM (which is known as Ethylene propylene Terpolymer Rubber) was produced. The rubber is made by copolymerising by a diene derivative, ethylene and propylene. The rubber has many advantageous properties over the synthetic rubbers, one of them is that they have good electrical insulating properties. EPDM rubber are now found in our everyday life such as hose, solar panels, electrical insulation etc.16 The use of synthetic rubber is on a steep rise, and many new rubber materials have been made duri ng the 21st Century. Natural Rubber How it is made? Natural rubber is produced by biosynthetic processes (in the form of latex which is a white liquid that is found when you cut the plant up) in many plants, but mainly from the Hevea Brasiliensis (The rubber tree coming from Brazil). There are two biosynthetic process to make latex. In the first stage, Acetyl-coenzyme A is converted to melavanic acid which then is then converted to iso-pentyl-pyrophosphate. The second process is the polymerisation induced by the first stage of the biosynthesis, from this process latex is created. The rubber form of the latex is then form by coagulating the latex particles. The rubber is made from a polymerisation of naturally occurring cis-polyisoprene. 17 Figure 3:Cis-polyisoprene, natural rubber 18 Properties of Raw Natural Rubber The rubber has a clear colour and hasnt got a well-defined shape and it is soft and sticky, however when the rubber is cooled down it crystalizes, so has a well-defined shape. The rubber has a low tensile strength meaning it tends to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a low abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will wear out quickly. It is soluble to organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. The rubber has a high elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. The rubber can only be elastic between 10 0C to 60 0C, this means under hot conditions the rubber would lose its elasticity. Another pro perty of the natural rubber is that it absorbs a large amount of water this means that it will be always wet and would need to dry it out before the next stage of the process. 19 Advantage of Raw Natural Rubber The hardness of the rubber can easily be adjusted, so can be able to shape or coat any form of objects this is because the rubber has a high elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. It can be used as an electrical conductor or an electrical insulator. Can be able to absorb vibration and noise. It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. It also has a good surface friction so does not slide about easily. Disadvantage of Raw Natural Rubber The rubber can only be elastic between 10 0C to 60 0C, this means under hot conditions the rubber would lose its elasticity. The rubber has a low tensile strength meaning it tends to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a low abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will wear out quickly. It has a poor resistance to any organic compounds this is because It is soluble to organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). Another disadvantage of natural rubber is that it has a poor resistance to ozone meaning that when the ozone reacts with the double bonds it breaks, this causes a crack.20 The crack then grows steadily because of further ozone attacks so this causes the strength of the rubber to decrease massively and cause it to break. Another disadvantage of natural rubber is it has a poor UV resistance this also means that when it reacts with the double bond it breaks; this also means that cracks will from causing the tensile strength to be severely reduced meaning the strength of the rubber would be reduced massively and causing it to break. 20 Another disadvantage is that vulcanization of the rubber can occur spontaneously, so it is hard to control the raw state of the natural rubber. The vulcanization of Natural Rubber To improve the properties of the natural rubber, the process of vulcanisation is used to do this. Vulcanization is a process that involves adding natural rubber to a curing agent such as sulphur. The process is done under heat, so by heating the rubber in the presence of the curing agent the physical and chemical properties of the rubber would be significantly improved. The reason it does is, because when heating the rubber in the presence of the curing agent, the polymer chains are cross-linked by the agent, therefore the free-flowing macromolecules of the polymer chains becomes more rigid.21 Vulcanization must be under controlled condition to avoid creating a massive amount of cross-linking, this means that it will avoid making the rubber less elastic and more brittle. Figure 4: Cis-polyisoprene with sulphur cross-links after vulcanization 23 Properties of Vulcanised Rubber The rubber has a clear colour and it is hard and not sticky, when the rubber is cooled down it crystalizes, so has a well-defined shape. The rubber has a high tensile strength meaning it does not tend to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. It is not soluble to organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. The rubber has a high elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. The rubber can only be elastic between -40 0C to 100 0C which is better than what the given temperature range is for the natural rubber in its raw state, thi s means under hot conditions the rubber would not lose its elasticity. Another property of the natural rubber is that it does not absorb a large amount of water this means it can be dried easily before the next stage of the process. 23 Advantages of Vulcanised Rubber The hardness of the rubber can easily be adjusted, so can be able to shape or coat any form of objects this is because the rubber has a high elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. It can be used as an electrical conductor or an electrical insulator. Can be able to absorb vibration and noise. It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. It is also insoluble to organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). It also has a good surface friction so does not slide about easily. The rubber has a high tensile strength meaning it does not tend to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. The rubber can only be elastic between -40 0C to 100 0C which is better than what the given temperature range is for the natural rubber in its raw state, this means under hot conditions the rubber would not lose its elasticity. Another advantage of the vulcanized rubber is that it does not absorb a large amount of water this means it can be dried easily before the next stage of the process. It has a better resistance to ozone and UV this means that less cracks form than in its raw state. This means that it is less likely to break than the raw natural rubber. Disadvantages of Vulcanised Rubber If the vulcanized rubber is burned it can be toxic for the workers and consumers this is because it contains sulphur cross-links which can form sulphur dioxide. Vulcanization must be under controlled condition to avoid creating a massive amount of cross-linking, this means that it will avoid making the rubber less elastic and more brittle. Another disadvantage of vulcanized rubber, is that when you heat the rubber it melts and then cools quickly, this is quite dangerous for the people who are handling it. Another disadvantage of using vulcanized rubber, is natural rubber are becoming more scarce, therefore the cost of making the vulcanized rubber is increasing. To overcome this problem, scientist have been trying to make vulcanized rubber out of synthetic rubbers such as styrene-butadiene rubbers (SBR), however the problem with this is that it is not cost effect and it is very expensive to make.24 Applications of Natural Rubber and Vulcanized Rubber The main usage of natural rubber is in the motor industry. It is used to make tyres and tubes in vehicles this is because it decreases any generation of heat in the tyres. It also offers high mechanical resistance. Tyres and tubes are used mainly in heavy duty vehicles such as trucks and tractors. 23 Natural rubbers can be used to make toys, footwear, balloons, glue and condoms. Another important application of natural rubbers is that they can be used to make latex gloves. Latex gloves are used in many industries such as the medical industry, chemical industry, and engineering industry, this is because due to the chemical and physical properties of the natural rubber mentioned above it can protect workers and consumers hands from hazardous chemicals.25 There are several applications for the vulcanized rubber. Vulcanized rubbers are much better to produce tyres than natural rubber this is due to having high abrasion resistance meaning tyres wont wear out quickly. The rubber is flexible, this means that it can be used to make hoses, tubes, coats etc Shock absorbers in vehicles are made from vulcanized rubbers due to being able to absorb vibrations easily.26 As the rubber, does not dissolve in water, it can be used to make waterproof clothing and footwears. Another application of using vulcanized rubber is that they can be used to produce cables for telephone housing, and can be able to produce insulations and conductors for electrical instruments. The reason why they are used in electrical instruments, is that have good electrical insulating and conducting properties. Synthetic Rubbers Synthetic Rubbers are made by copolymerising two different monomers under certain conditions. There are 3 conditions (the mixture can be in) it can be done in such as: emulsion, suspension and solution. There are 9 major classes of synthetic rubbers: Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbers (NBR), Butyl Rubbers (IIR), Polychloroprene (CR), Ethylene-propylene rubbers (EPDM), Urethane rubbers (EU), Silicone rubbers (VMQ), Fluoroelestomer (FKM), Flurosilicone (FVMQ).27 In this 4 major classes are being discussed. Polychloroprene In 1930, an American scientist named Wallace Carothers and his team produced a compound called chloropropene which then polymerised to form a solid which had a rubbery texture. The team had found out that the properties of this new polymer was similar to that of natural rubber. This polymer was named as Neoprene and was the first commercially successful synthetic rubber.13 Neoprene is produced by the free-radical polymerisation of chloroprene. The chloroprene undergoes polymerisation under aqueous emulsion.28 Properties of Polychloroprene The rubber has a greyish green colour.28 The rubber has a high tensile strength meaning it does not tend to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. It can dissolve with organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. The rubber has a moderate elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. The rubber can only be elastic between -34 0C to 100 0C which is better than what the given temperature range is for the natural rubber, this means under hot conditions the rubber would not lose its elasticity. The rubber has a low flammability, and has a high resistance to weather and ozone.29 Figure 5: Polychloroprene 30 Advantages of Polychloroprene This rubber is tougher than natural rubber because it has a higher tensile strength than natural rubber meaning it does not tend to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a very high resistance to hot conditions and other weather conditions; this means that it does not melt or break easily. Another advantage of polychloroprene rubber is that they have a better resistance to ozone and UV this means that less cracks forms than in its natural counterpart. This means that it is less likely to break than the natural rubber. It has a low flammability and can be able to self-extinguish if it is on fire. The structure of the polychloroprene can be altered to create a new compound which can exhibit different chemical and physical properties. Disadvantages of Polychloroprene The rubber has a poor resistance to aromatic compounds such as benzene derivatives, they also have poor resistance to carbonyl compounds such as ketones and esters, and, also has a poor resistance to strong oxidising agents. Another disadvantage of polychloroprene, is that they are quite expensive to produce. 29 Typical applications of Polychloroprene Production of hoses Making belts Making cable covers for electrical instruments Styrene-butadiene Rubber In the 1930s, a German chemist named Walter bock had developed a new synthetic rubber which had better properties than that of natural rubber. He first tried to copolymerise dimethyl butadiene with isoprene and butadiene, this was successful as the new polymer had similar properties to the natural rubber. He then replaced dimethyl butadiene with styrene and copolymerised with butadiene, the polymer was named as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber).14 Styrene-butadiene Rubber is produced by the free-radical polymerisation of styrene mixed with butadiene. The monomers undergo free- radical polymerisation under aqueous emulsion. The monomers can also undergo polymerisation in the form of solution.31 Properties of Styrene-butadiene Rubber The rubber has a brown -black colour. 31 The rubber has a high tensile strength meaning it does not tend to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. It can dissolve with organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). It is soluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. The rubber has a moderate elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. The rubber can only be elastic between -45 0C to 100 0C which is better than what the given temperature range is for the Polychloroprene, this means under hot conditions the rubber would not lose its elasticity. 29 Figure 6: Styrene-butadiene rubber 32 Advantages of Styrene-butadiene Rubber This rubber is tougher than natural rubber because it has a higher tensile strength than natural rubber meaning it does not tend to break if a low amount of tensile stress is put into it. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. Another advantage of styrene-butadiene rubber is that it is much more cost effective than natural rubber, and the production of the rubber is much more efficient than its natural counterpart. Disadvantages of Styrene-butadiene Rubber It has a poor resistance to any organic compounds this is because It is soluble to organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). Another disadvantage of natural rubber is that it has a poor resistance to ozone meaning that when the ozone reacts with the double bonds it breaks, this causes a crack. The crack then grows steadily because of further ozone attacks so this causes the strength of the rubber to decrease massively and cause it to break. Fillers like carbon black are needed to strengthen the rubber. Typical applications of Styrene-butadiene Rubber Production of car tyres Making mats Making shoe soles Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbers In 1931, scientists IG Farben developed a synthetic rubber which consisted of copolymerising acrylonitrile with butadiene, the polymer was known as NBR (Nitrile-butadiene rubber), it was the later known as Buna-N for commercial purposes. 14 Styrene-butadiene Rubber is produced by the free-radical polymerisation of styrene mixed with butadiene. The monomers undergo free- radical polymerisation under aqueous emulsion.14 Properties of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbers The rubber has a yellowish colour.33 It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. It is insoluble with organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. The rubber has a good elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. The rubber can only be elastic between -34 0C to 121 0C which is better than what the given temperature range is for the Polychloroprene, this means under hot conditions the rubber would not lose its elasticity. However, at low temperature, the rubber loses its elasticity.29 Figure 7: Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile)34 Advantages of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbers It has a very high resistance to hot conditions and other weather conditions; this means that it does not melt or break easily. Another advantage of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubber is that they have a better resistance to ozone and UV this means that less cracks forms than in its natural counterpart. This means that it is less likely to break than the natural rubber. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. Another advantage of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubber is that it has a high resistance in oil this is because It is insoluble with organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). 29 Disadvantages of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbers At low temperature, the rubber loses its elasticity. Another disadvantage of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbers, is that they have poor resistance to carbonyl compounds such as ketones and esters, and, also has a poor resistance to strong oxidising agents. 29 Typical applications of Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubbers Making nitrile gloves Can be used for O-rings Can be used to make hoses and tubing Ethylene propylene Terpolymer Rubber In the 1960s, EPDM (which is known as Ethylene propylene Terpolymer Rubber) was produced. The rubber is made by copolymerising by a diene derivative, ethylene and propylene. The rubber has many advantageous properties over the synthetic rubbers, one of them is that they have good electrical insulating properties. EPDM rubber are now found in our everyday life such as hose, solar panels, electrical insulation etc. 16 Ethylene propylene Terpolymer Rubber is produced by the copolymerisation of ethylene, propylene and a diene derivative. The monomers under copolymerisation in the form of solution. Figure 8: EPDM 35 Properties of Ethylene propylene Terpolymer Rubber The rubber has a yellowish colour. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. It is insoluble with organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar). It is insoluble to hydrophilic solvents such as water, acetone, and alcohol. The rubber has a good elastic property, this means that when the rubber is stretched out it gets bigger, but when it is released the rubber goes back into its original shape. The rubber can only be elastic between -40 0C to 149 0C which is better than what the given temperature range is for the Poly(Butadiene-acrylonitrile) rubber, this means under hot conditions the rubber would not lose its elasticity. 29 Advantages of Ethylene propylene Terpolymer Rubber It has a very high resistance to hot conditions and other weather conditions; this means that it does not melt or break easily so does not age very easily. Another advantage of Ethylene propylene Terpolymer rubber is that they have a better resistance to ozone and UV this means that less cracks forms than in its natural counterpart. This means that it is less likely to break than the natural rubber. It has a high abrasion resistance meaning the rubber will not wear out quickly. The rubber is very cost effective, so it is cheaper to make than the other rubber compounds. 29 Disadvantages of Ethylene propylene Terpolymer Rubber It has a poor resistance to oils, this is because It is insoluble with organic solvents such as turpentine (which is an oiled that is attained by the distillation of resin from pine trees), ether, petrol, carbon tetrachloride, and naphtha (which is an oil attained by the distillation of coal tar).29 Typical applications

The Spanish Armada Essay -- Invincible Armada

The Spanish Armada also called the Invincible Armada, and more correctly La Armada Grande. It was a fleet intended to invade England and to put an end to the English aggression against the Spanish Crown. However it was a fatal mistake and after a week’s fighting the Spanish Armada was shattered, this led to the gradual decline in maritime power of Spain. Spanish powers dominated and influence much of the â€Å"known world† during the 16th Century. Spanish leader King Phillip II had reasons to eliminate their arch-rival England. His reasons were to convert the Protestants in England to the Church of Rome and to eliminate one of the major sea-fearing rivals for economic wealth. In 1587, Francis Drake cruised off the coast of Spain and under Elizabeth's wishes; Francis Drake attacked the Spanish shipping, burnt the half-finished and unmanned ships at Cadiz, and did enormous damage to the Spanish navy. King Philip II at last convinced that Spain must invade England in order to dominate the region. But his inefficiency as an organizer was never more evident. Slow, inactive, and not only ignorant of the secret of sea power, but also unwilling to admit that there was any need for advice and direction in sea warfare. He wasted months on making plans of campaign while the building and refitting of the fleet was neglected. Even though the Spaniards of that day were reputed the best soldiers in the world, but in naval maneuvers and in the use of heavy artillery they were very far behind...

Ins And Outs Of Surfing :: essays research papers

Surfing has been around for many years, in fact since 400 A.D and people are still going hard at it today and will for many more years to come. The very first surfers were the Island folk who would use the waves to get over the coral reefs and back to shore after their hard days of fishing. They found that this was the easiest and quickest way of transport over the reefs so they continued to do it for many years. As time went on the art of riding waves then developed into more of a “leisure sport'; than that of being a part of work. The first actual surfboarders originated in the 1920’s where they rode large redwood planks that weighed around 126 pounds. As technology developed the boards became shorter, lighter and became better designed. The next surfboards to follow were made in the 1950’s, this time the boards where made of balsa wood and then covered in a layer of fiberglass, these boards reached a length of about 9-10 feet long. In the 1960’s the long board was introduced and was made of Styrofoam and again, covered in fiberglass. In the 70’s the short board took over, which had a similar design to the long boards but were only around 6 foot in length. These proved to be very popular due to their faster speeds and easier maneuverability. Some of the people of today are still using the old fashioned long board, but as you would expect the design has changed significantly and they come in a few different lengths. Now the sport of surfing has grown into a worldwide attraction and people are surfing in basically every country that has a coastline, even Alaska, as showed in the surf film “Endless Summer II.'; Nowadays people are taking to waves in all sorts of weird things, such as Kneeboards, Body boards, Kayaks and many other weird and wonderful things. A few of the really dedicated surfers, and those that can afford to, will spend some of their time travelling the world trying to find their own perfect wave. Some of the lucky ones will actually find one. But now that we have all different types of boards peoples opinion of their perfect wave has changed to adapt to their type of board. As in the 60’s a perfect wave was a point break like Malibu, but also today’s people are surfing in all kinds of different places with different conditions, which also changes opinions.

Scarlet Critique Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in 1850. It was based on the Puritans of the 1600's, which were revived in Hawthorne's era. Hawthorne descended from Puritan heritage and harbored a sense of guilt and hatred for their way of life. He used many themes and literary techniques in The Scarlet Letter including symbolism and irony. He emphasized the individual's role in the community and the role of women in society. Hawthorne used romanticism as opposed to the classical correctness of writing. Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the 18th Century and stressed strong emotion and imagination. Puritanism was the belief that all humans are sinful and that it is only though God and the bible that one can find redemption. Hawthorne did not agree with their philosophy. "The tendency of that Hawthorne had for calling unpleasant things 'Puritanic' is an indication that he rejected Puritanism†¦" (Gerber, p.41) He felt they were hypocrites and protrayed them as stuffy and disillusioned. They lived their lives atoning or sins they were born with. Ironically, Hawthorne's writings seemed just that- atonement for his would-be sin, the puritan heritage that he was born with. Even thought The Scarlet Letter set in 1642 in New England, it was written in 1850 at the revival of Puritanism. It focused the role of women in society. Hawthorne had a strong love for women and never portrayed them weak...

Ceo Safety Policy Statement

Safety Policy Statement a. Safety is paramount in all flight operations. Company X manages safety risks related to its operations to as low a level as reasonably practicable. Company X will manage safety through its dedicated commitment to implement and maintain Company X’s Safety Management System. This commitment includes the responsibility of both Company X’s management and employees to continuously improve the level of safety and never to become complacent when it comes to the safety of Company X’s operations. It is the joint responsibility of everyone connected within the flight operation to be proactive and ensure all safety hazards are identified, analyzed and, where possible, eliminated or avoided. When this is not possible, mitigation is developed, implemented and tracked to verify that the level of the associated risks are acceptable. It will also be the commitment of both management and of all employees to comply with all applicable regulatory requirements when conducting Company X’s Operation. . The purpose of the safety policy is to manage safety proactively and effectively. This is attained by utilizing the Company X SMS to: i. Identify and manage safety risks specific to the company’s flight operations. ii. Encourage employees to report safety issues without the fear of reprisal. iii. Collect and analyze information and feedback through the continuous improvement system so as to continually improve safety management activities. iv. When safety issues are discovered it is assumed that both management and the employees have shared responsibility and accountability in finding ways to fix the safety issues and in ensuring that the prescribed procedures to fix the problems are carried out and also to help notify the Director of Safety as to whether these procedures are working or not. v. Both management and the employees are expected to follow all safety procedures and policies of Company X including the reporting of all safety issues and hazards to the Director of Safety. i. The SMS program will also provide management guidance for implementing new procedures and processes to ensure that a high level of safety is maintained when these new procedures and policies are carried out. vii. The Director of Safety reviewing Company X’s safety objectives each month to ensure they are current and still applicable to Company X’s Operations. The Director of Safety will ensure that any safety objectives not meetin g current safety standards and goals will be revised as necessary. c. Company X’s safety policy also requires the full support of safety from top level management. Flight crew members, aircraft maintenance personal and others involved in the operation of Company X will always have the full support of the CEO as long as they operate professionally in accordance with company manuals and procedures. All company personnel have a duty to openly and honestly report events and hazards using the continuous improvement system. The CEO will ensure that all such reports will be thoroughly investigated in a non-punitive manner. The CEO of the company is ultimately responsible for: i. Sustaining conditions that promote the safe operation of company aircraft, ii. Ensuring that all safety related company positions, responsibilities and authorities are defined, documented and communicated throughout the company. iii. Define and publish which levels of management can make safety risk acceptance decisions in regards to company operations. iv. Providing the resources (in time and money) to assure the safe operation of company aircraft, and v. Actively supports the Safety Management System.

Comprehensive Proposal for the Development of an Early Childhood Education Program Essay

Do you realize how important the first few years of your child’s life are? We at Lighthouse Learning Academy understand how important these years are. The early years are when the foundation for your child’s life is being implemented. That is why at Lighthouse Learning Academy we provide programs from ages 6 weeks through 12 years old. Our Early Care program services infants from 6 weeks through 24 months. This program is designed to make sure that each child’s physical and developmental needs are met. Daily schedules are adjusted to meet each child’s sleeping and eating patterns. At the appropriate time, toddlers are introduced to different concepts and skills that will help them as they prepare to move to the next program. Our Preschool program serves children from the age of 2 through 5 years of age. Each age group will be divided into classrooms. Once the child is 4 years of age (by September 1st), he/she will enter our stated funded Pre-K program. Each class will use a theme based curriculum designed to introduce concepts and skills based on each child’s age and development. Daily schedules will be designed with a balance of teacher-directed and child-directed activities. Lighthouse Learning Academy understands that we serve a community that works various and long hours. We gladly provide before and after school care for families that require assistance. During the after school program we provide various activities and projects to enhance life skills as well as, an established time for children to do homework and tutoring is also available if your child needs help. Transportation services are available to and from local elementary schools. Lighthouse Learning Academy hopes to make getting to and from work less strenuous for working parents by providing the operating hours of 5:30 am to 6:30 pm. Being that we set out to service our community, the vision of Lighthouse Learning Academy is to make it possible for all children, youth, and families to reach their potential in a safe, nurturing, and affordable environment. Our mission at Lighthouse Learning Academy is to afford children with the premier quality early care and education, to serve as an accommodating system and source for families, strengthening the communities that we serve, and to work interchangeable with other networks and services to make certain that high quality preschool education remains safe and affordable for all families. We believe that from infancy, and through the school years, we are helping to chart a successful outcome for our children. We work with parents from pregnancy to make sure that their children are placed in a compassionate, encouraging, and nurturing environment. We offer a curriculum that focuses on all of the developmental domains, and an age specific method that helps children move forward from one milestone to the next in a way that has been confirmed to establish a strong basis for lifelong learning. We believe that there is a vital link between these values and the ongoing commitment of our staff. Therefore, our staff is encouraged and supported as they further their educational understanding of early childhood education. Lighthouse Learning Academy staff members serve as coaches and mentors to each other; enabling them to share ideas, experiences, and up to the minute knowledge of new research, policies and best practices. In addition, we provide on going skill set training for staff through meetings, newsletters, and state specified trainings. We do our best to provide parents with resources pertaining to high quality health and dental care, as well as nutrition, cognitively stimulating home environments, access to services, strong social connections, and safety precautions for children. New parents, or parents that are new to our neighborhoods, can rely on us for information and support during life’s transitions. Lighthouse Learning Academy is one of the strongest advocates for children and families in the area that we serve. We are aware of the responsibilities that we have to our families and children to be a voice for affordable, high quality preschool services. We take pride in working with local support agencies, legislatures, and school systems to provide safe, strong, and constant services for children from birth through the school years. We take pride in our parents, our staff, and the valuable chance that we have to be a part of your child’s development. The influence that we can have as partners for children is beyond measure. At Lighthouse Learning Academy we think that all children have a right to respect, in spite of their skill levels. We provide an environment that is safe yet thought-provoking, and a curriculum that challenges them through creativity and learning through play. Consequently, our program supports the following philosophy about children and their growth: 1. Each child has a unique learning style, learns at a different pace, by different methods and at different ages of maturation. 2. A positive attitude develops in children, who can fulfill their goals, complete tasks on their own, and work with others and receive positive feelings from others. 3. Children learn self-discipline through understanding, commitment, and reinforcement. 4. Children gain their independence by being allowed to do things for themselves as they are capable of, but keeping in mind new skills. In a safe, caring, respectful environment, children have the greatest chance to grow and develop. Such a setting should be the basis of all childcare programs. We, as educators, should do our best to create an environment that is rewarding, inspiring and supporting of all possible learning and growing opportunities. An encouraging learning environment is provided through a well design physical environment, the instructional materials, equipment, relationships established between everyone, and daily routines. It is in this environment that each child’s growth takes place. The basis for creating learning environments that promotes growth comes from the National Association for the Education of Young Children’s (NAEYC’s) philosophy of child development and learning that contains developmentally appropriate practice. A developmentally appropriate learning environment: (1) Provides learning centers that encourage mixing of multiple content areas, the library should contain a variety of books such as big books, picture books, books with words for teacher to read, books covering a wide range of topics, headsets with audiotapes; in blocks there will be large unit blocks, hollow blocks, different types of vehicles, pencil, paper and books related to construction. (2) Provides both active and quiet activities, the library should be an area for children wanting to read alone or quietly listen to a book read by the teacher or enjoy music through head sets; while the block area promotes lots of movement to complete projects. (3) Provides materials that encourage awareness and knowledge of diversity through books about different cultures, as well as dolls of different races, and musical instruments from a variety of cultures. (4) Ensures that children have easy access to materials. (5) Makes sure that there are plenty of materials available. (6) Offers children the chances for isolated and group play in view of an adult. (7) Makes sure that there is adequate space for individual, small- and large-group experiences, both inside and outside. (8) Displays classroom materials and children’s art at children’s eye level. (9) Promotes literacy in the environment through a variety of sources for print and audio. The infant room through the 4 year old room will be comprised of teachers that are highly qualified. This program employs qualified persons who are 18 years of age or older, who have been taught in Early Childhood Education, and who show the personal characteristics for working with children†¦. Employees working with school-age children have been trained in early childhood, child development, or a related field. The amount of schooling will vary depending on the level of responsibility of the position. Employees of a large group of children should have at least a CDA or an associate degree in Early Childhood Education. The Pre-K classrooms will have a Lead Teacher and an Assistant Teacher. The Lead Teacher will be required to possess a two- or four-year degree in the early childhood field. All assistant teachers must possess at least a CDA. Teaching is full of many responsibilities, roles, and challenges. As an early childhood educator, you will be required to wear many hats. As a teacher, you should be prepared to be flexible. It is important to remember that your job description may change if you are needed in other areas to fill in. Early childhood teachers assist learning by providing activities and materials that children find appealing. By supplying a developmentally appropriate environment, interesting materials, and time to explore, and play, children find learning easy and fun! Teachers have to communicate with many people throughout the day, ranging from parents to administrators, as well as the children. Early childhood teachers must be ready to communicate with all of these people. You should feel at ease opening up, asking questions, and sharing your experiences. Paperwork, lesson planning, preparing materials and the environment, require teachers to have strong management skills. Managing a classroom requires organizational skills, and commitment. There are many balloons floating in the air and it is your task to keep them up! Discipline is the guidance, encouragement, and support that adults use to influence children. Appropriate discipline helps children learn how to interact and develop self-control. The staff at Lighthouse Learning Academy understands these concepts and uses the following discipline strategies: First and most importantly, the staff creates a positive and safe environment in which all competencies can be fostered and where there is little opportunity for misbehavior. Secondly, teachers always model appropriate behavior, both verbal and non-verbal, including body language. Teachers set limits, which reflect realistic expectations for the age and development of each child. When there is conflict between children, teachers will utilize Dan Gartrell’s Five Finger Formula. The five finger formula involves five steps. The first step is to cool everyone down. No one can negotiate when they are upset. The second step involves having everyone involved to agree what the conflict is about. Thirdly, you would want to involve everyone in coming up with possible solutions to the problem. Fourth, you would want every to agree on the solution. And finally, you must try out the solution that everyone agreed upon. This technique teaches children how to solve problems on their own. If these strategies are not successful, a child may be removed from the group and guided to a quite area with an independent activity. If your child continues to have problems, we will contact you. We will do our best to work with you to correct the behavior issues. If there is still no change in the behavior, a short suspension may be used at the judgment of the director. If a child is not adapting or benefiting from our program, we reserve the right to disenroll the child from the program, also at the discretion of the programs director. Communication between the parent and the caregiver is important to having a successful child care arrangement. After an adjustment period, your child should be able to make the move from home to child care fairly easily. The staff will be providing support to you by discussing your child’s progress and will recognize the parent as the primary caregiver. A tour of the center is a vital part of the orientation process. It is at this time when you will meet the staff members that will be responsible for educating your child as well as view the classroom environment. We suggest that you bring your child along so that, he/she can become familiar with the teacher and the classroom. A tour can be arranged at anytime, just call to set up a scheduled time or just drop in. Our staff welcomes you with open arms. Lighthouse Learning Academy will distribute monthly newsletters so that you will be aware of what is happening with our program. The newsletter will inform you of the themes that will be introduced to your child each month. It will also detail ways in which you can assist the program, as well as upcoming events. Teachers may opt to send home either weekly or a monthly newsletter, keeping you aware of the happenings in the classroom. Through newsletters we are able to keep you updated of the programs effort to make sure that your child’s light shines. Assessment is the method of collecting data about children in order to determine where they are developmentally and to make decisions about their education. Teachers obtain useful data about children’s skills, and progress by observing, documenting, and reviewing children’s work over time. Ongoing assessment that happens in the context of classroom activities can provide an accurate and fair picture of the children’s abilities and progress. The purposes for assessment in programs for young children are: instructional planning and communicating with parents. This helps to determine, what are the child’s strengths, needs, and learning processes, as well as how is this child doing, and how will this child’s instruction and guidance be planned? Another purpose is identification of children with special needs. This allows for assessing whether the child’s needs can be met in the program and if not, how does this program need to be adapted, or what program is required? The third purpose is program evaluation and accountability. This assessment allows for assessing whether the program, as now implemented, is meeting its goals and objectives? One of the assessment techniques that we use is the student portfolio. The portfolio is a system for the collection of the child’s work. Work samples are products of children’s work that mirrors situations in the learning environment, rather than manufactured instructional situations. The collection of work samples along with the recorded observations of children’s interactions and comments shows the child’s progress over time and in a variety of settings. The key to the use of information collected through this approach is the teacher’s knowledge of child development and skill as an observer. Parent conferences will provide you with the opportunity to discuss and learn about your child’s portfolio and how it is used in assessing your child’s development. Observations will also be used as an assessment tool. Observations can be an assessment tool used while a child is playing usually in his/her natural environment. The observer is able to see the interactions between the children as well as noting speech and language, and motor skills. Lighthouse Learning Academy wants to make sure that your child will receive the individualized attention that they deserve, so we have established groupings of children for care which comply with the following staff ratios for every age group. For infants to one and a half year olds, the teacher-child ratio will be 3 to 6 infants for 1 teacher. There is a maximum of twelve infants in one room. If there are more than six infants, another teacher will be placed in the classroom. For one year olds that are walking, the ratio will be 1 teacher to 8 children, with a limit not to exceed sixteen children. For two year olds, the ratio will be 1 teacher to every ten toddlers, with no more than twenty in the classroom. For the three year old classroom, the ratio will be 1 teacher for every 15 children, with no more than thirty. And in the four year old room as well as the pre-k program, the ratio is 1 teacher to eighteen children. In the pre-k program there are always two teachers. Children may be mixed in age groups only during early morning arrivals and late afternoon times of departure. When mixing age groups, you must go by the staff: child ratio and group size based upon the age of the youngest child in the group. During rest time the staff: child ratio may be doubled the number of children as long as there is one staff member in the classroom. Lighthouse Learning Academy prides itself on providing a safe learning environment for your child. But we know that accidents and injuries will occur. If an accident occurs at our center, we will follow the following guidelines depending on the severity of the injury. First and foremost, our staff and teachers are trained to apply first aid to minor injuries such as cuts, scrapes, and bruises. The director will report to you at the end of the day or during the day based on the nature of the injury. If your child is seriously injured and it requires medical attention, you will be notified immediately and emergency personnel will be contacted. In cases where you child has to be taken to the emergency room, we require you to sign an authorization form so that we may act during your absence. This form is provided in your enrollment package. References Decker, C. A. , Decker, J. R. , Freeman, N. K. , & Knopf, H. T. (2009). Planning and administering early childhood programs (9th ed. ). Columbus: Pearson. Gartrell, Dan. Guidance Matters. March 2006, retrieved on October 16, 2010 from http://www. naeyc. org/files/yc/file/200603/GuidanceBTJ. pdf.

A Brutal Choice Essay

â€Å"Don’t leave me here to die† â€Å"Do you agree that Cathy O’Dowd and here fellow mountaineers had no choice but to leave Fran â€Å"to die†?† In the newspaper article Cathy O’Dowd clearly tries to make the reader believe that she did the right thing. She identifies this in the sub heading â€Å"she faced a brutal choice: to risk her own life in a doomed rescue†, noticeably the word â€Å"doomed† shows there was a severe risk of danger in any rescue attempt. I believe that in a way writing this article has allowed Cathy O’Dowd to exorcise some of her guilt, Cathy wants to explain her experience in full and get the reader to empathise with her. Finally, it may also be possible that Cathy wants to show the story in a feminine perspective. The article does undoubtedly give many good reasons why not to attempt to save Fran. But I am not completely shore that they had â€Å"no choice but to leave Fran†. The fact that there were nine people on the mountain and that together they couldn’t even try to help rescue Fran is rather peculiar. I don’t know what others would do, but I would at least try to help, rather than to just leave her â€Å"to die†. Also, Cathy states that they had been with Fran â€Å"for nearly an hour† pondering over what to do, this completely wastes time and any chances of saving her. Cathy is in a moral dilemma, and I believe the moral thing to do would be to attempt a rescue. The three Uzbek climbers that left her oxygen and supposedly â€Å"tried to help† saw Fran the day before this incident. She must have been in a better state then, and all they do is just leave a canister of oxygen. The Uzbek climbers then stay with the rest of the group and Fran, and help to â€Å"watch Ian and Jangbu to see what decision they took†, this is just more evidence of time being wasted and therefore lowering Fran’s chances of survival. In conclusion I believe that to live Fran â€Å"to die† was not the only choice they had. As I said, the morally correct thing to do would be to of least attempted a rescue, rather than to fritter away time.

Contextual Knowledge in Program Planning: A Personal Reflection

Program planning is a challenging and complex task. Its complexity lies not only in the program details or the audience to which the program is targeted to, but in the different personalities or experiences of the planners. Many times as planners, we communicate what we are. We want to inculcate our belief and personal perception to audience including our biases. Planning itself requires much effort. With interpersonal issues among planners, the issue becomes more difficult to deal with as experts rub against each other. Answer to Question 1Planning involves the participation of different stakeholders or team members. Different ideas flow and clash against each other. Power issues surface and the battle over whose idea or whose proposal is better rages. When faced with this circumstance, I tend to speak out my mind. I listen to others’ thought as well. I go over the positive and negative aspects of each idea. I weigh the options and vote for the best one. I respect each person or team member. I realized that when it comes to power relations, there are different motivations lying beneath.At first, I believed planners are sincere and focused in doing service. Yet, when I had my first brush with power struggles within my circle, it dawned on me that some planners have their personal agenda. It could be something beneficial to them. So far, there is nothing I would like to change about my current beliefs. But I want to reinforce the notion that planners must be objective and must be wiling to let go of personal biases or motivation for the good of many. Answer to Question 2Listening and open communication are the skills that I utilize in every planning session. Listening requires much effort as it involves more than hearing different ideas. Listening is digesting each idea and respecting it. Listening is acknowledging one planner’s thoughts and knowledge. Communication, on the other hand, is being open with the possibilities of accepting and trying ou t the ideas. It may also mean acceptance for every suggestion turned down. Open communication is healthy and acts as a bridge.If there is something that I would really want to practice in my belief system is the win-win solution. Negotiation is coming up with the best solution with minor compromises that serve both rallying parties. Answer to Question 3 Planning a program for adults is an enjoyable task. Ethically speaking, adults are willing learners who are experts in their own right. They can make decisions with or without outside intervention. Each adult is a well of knowledge; having gone through different life experiences.These learning are brought out through a participatory learning process. Usually, my beliefs are challenged when a co-planner becomes so very intellectual in approach and dismisses my suggestion that adult learners are learned, by virtue of experience. I usually respond by reasoning that through the adult learner’s participation, the program can be muc h more engaging with the learner themselves speaking out and contributing to the discussion. The conventional funnel method or top-down approach in teaching is not the best way.I get frustrated when participatory learning is bypassed. I feel like the learners have so much to offer. As a program planner, I would like to stress on the value of a person or a learner in the learning process as very ethical and critical. This is one reality that I would like to emphasize in my practice. A learner-centered program is needed to effect change in a training program. There are messages than can be more effectively conveyed to the learners or audience through participatory method. People learn by themselves.Learning is not imposed or enforced. In his 1982 book, Living, Loving and Learning, Buscaglia cited Carl Rogers who wrote: You know that I don’t believe that anyone has ever thought anything to anyone. I question the efficacy of teaching. The only thing that I know is that anyone who wants to learn will learn. And maybe a teacher is a facilitator, a person who puts things down and shows people how exciting and wonderful it is and asks them to eat. (p. 7) We are all learners. We learn from each other.Even experts learn many things from their participants. No man has the monopoly of knowledge and experiences. One man’s learning differs from others. We all have our own way of learning. Answer to Question 4b I have not left a planning situation even if I am not totally sold to the agreed ideas or methods; even if my own suggestions are downplayed. I stayed to learn from them. I still joined to see if their methods based on their belief system will work. It is all about respect and giving opportunities to other parties to have their own way.I hanged on to see the results of the evaluation. Probably, what would make me leave is the honest and face-to-face rejection of my ideas after a poor training program. I would leave if they lost trust and direct all the b lame to me. I would humbly resign. I will not burn the bridge between us but hope to re-connect with them again in the future, should they need my services again. After all, the world is small and who knows, we may end up needing one another at the end of the road someday. References Buscaglia, L. (1982). Living, loving and learning. New York: Random House.