Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Response Paper - Essay Example The readings by Colin H. Kahl, gives a clear definition of conflicts that can lead to physical aggression. It is also suggests reasons why political concepts such as ecologic security are unable to deal with problems resulting from transformation. The paper tries to explore the evidence and arguments expresses in other articles to propose as well as oppose the notion. Since the year 1990, Kenya as a country has gone through an obvious decay in security human condition from the mushrooming insignificant transgression to the start of ethnic cleansing. The local and the worldwide press frequently discuss the incident of the ever rising cases of criminal offenses and insecurity. The reading disaggregates the different forms and localities that bloodshed took place and the dynamics that binds them. Problematizing the relations between the state and the society transcends beyond the state incapability to uphold security in the country. At times this plays a role in encouraging and at times aggressively incites violence. Environmental degradation relates directly to political stability in a country. In the past civil and over the past several decades, civil and tribal wars have destabilized the chances for economical advancement as well as political development in the developing countries. This resulted to loss of lives of many citizens while some were left homeless as in the case in Kenya during ethnic violence in 1991(Foucault et al 2009). Statistics shows that demographic and ecological challenges coupled with interactions between the population increase, ecological degradation and rising scarcities of fundamental natural aspects of survival signify the cause of wars in the present world. Kahl suggests that the situation leads to tension in the work places thus leading to massive pressure on the societal groupings and the government. This issue has resulted to increase in occurrence of armed conflict in the developing countries. He

How Critical is the Critical Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How Critical is the Critical Period - Essay Example It means that if the input of language does not take place after this particular time the individual will experience difficulty in obtaining a complete language. The proof for such a time is restricted, and assistance stems extensively from hypothetical disputes and similarities to other significant stages in biology like visual development, but nevertheless is accepted widely. Such a critical periods nature has however been the fiercest issues debated in cognitive science and psycholinguistics for decade. A Few writers have proposed an "optimal" or "sensitive" time other than a critical one. Some other writers dispute on the reasons that include cognitive mind of language factors and physical maturation. The critical periods duration varies as well greatly in various accounts. In animals, a critical period refers to the biologically determined period during which learning must take place in order for development to happen. During a small window of time, the juvenile bird listens to and copies the song of a tutor; after the critical period closes, such copying is not possible. Blindfolded kitten do not develop normal vision but if the blindfold is removed before eight weeks normal vision can be restored. In humans, if strabismus (crossed eyes) is not corrected in early childhood that is before the age of three a child will not develop normal binocular vision. The critical period for susceptibility to strabismus begins soon after birth and shows continued susceptibility to at least 4.6 years. According to Eric Lenneberg, language acquisition is not possible at the age of two because the human brain is not sufficiently mature. After puberty normal language acquisition is not possible because the brain is physically mature. Lenneberg says that there exists maturational limitations on the period that a primary language can be obtained. The acquisition of the first language depends on neuroplasticity. If the acquisition

Short Story Example | In The Year 2050

Short Story Example | In The Year 2050 As a little kid I was taught, There is nothing new under the sun, and I believed that until yesterday. Yesterday was like any other day, except the fact that I was on midterm break. This meant no work, all sleep and all play! As I basked into the freedom of having my midterm break, my stomach started to growl, which meant it was lunch time. As I went into the kitchen to fix lunch, I heard a funny noise. The noise sounded like a thousand bubble gums popping at once. So I went out to the backyard to see if it was some of the rowdy boys from around the corner, playing a prank on me. And to my surprise there was no one there, so I followed the noise to see where it was coming from, and it was coming from my neighbors backyard. As I stood there with my neighbor called Mario, I was astonished to see he had a flux capacitor. He told me he had built a time machine and to my surprise it looked like one Ive seen on a movie. So I asked, Mario does it really work? He replied with excitement, Yip, Ive been to the year 2050, a lot has changed because they live underwater, and I saw your great granddaughter, shes doing fine! I stopped him and looked at him like he was crazy. So he replied and said You dont believe me huh? Come with me and Ill show it to you! So he turned on the flux thing and a hole appeared with some purple foam coming out of it. I was scared so he told me to count backwards from 5, as he held my hand; we stepped into the time machine. 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦3 Were here! he said. The machine had stopped and automatically I felt the atmosphere had changed. Mario said Welcome to 2050! This is our back yard! Honestly, it wasnt a pretty sight; the place where we lived looked like an empty street on the Boulevard of Broken dreams. The sky was bleak, smoke and fog filled the atmosphere. It was as though everyone had moved away 20 years ago and a category four hurricane had resigned their ever since. So I turned to Mario and asked him, Where is everyone? He replied like I said, they live underwater. as he turned around and showed me everything, he said This is why there down there. So I asked, How is it that theyre living down there? He explained to me that the Chinese had built huge see-through domes for each country as gifts, because land had become too dangerous for humans to live on. So I started asking Mario so many questions like, What do they eat? How do they dress? How do they live? How do they travel? He laughed at me and said Ill just take you down there so you can ease up on all the questions. Okay, I said, as we entered the time machine again. In the split of a second we were there. I was prepared to drown because I cant swim and I was also prepared to not being able to breathe, because we were going under water. But to my surprise I was breathing the freshest air I had ever breathed, and this was the most beautiful place my eyes had ever seen. The grass was green and pretty, there were coco plum trees everywhere, and the streets were paved with the pink part of the conch shell. It was like being on a up to date family island. As the sleek cars zoomed pass Mario and I. I turned to Mario puzzled and confused, and told him I thought by 2050 cars would be flying. He replied No not as yet, that happens in the year 3000. But these cars are better than the cars we have at home. I asked him Why do you think that? He said Because these cars runoff water. My mouth dropped. He laughed and said Pick up your lip! I need to show you something, its almost time to go back home. As we hurried, we passed really tall sky scrapers with extra big green domes that were rotating; they looked like they could be homes. So I asked Mario, Are these homes? He said No, these are farms! So I replied, If these are farms, what do their houses look like? He replied Well, they have smart homes, so however they want their house to look, thats exactly how the house will fix itself. Then he said Look!!! as he pointed to a lady, This is what I wanted you to see!! Look at that lady, what do you think shes doing? I replied Walking. He said Nope, look at her again. So I looked. The only thing I saw was a lady that was walking and she had futuristic clothes, pretty bands on her hands and shades. He said She is either surfing the net, on a phone call or checking her messages. So I asked him, How? He explained to me that, the band that she has on her hands is connected to her phone which is at home and she can see her messages anytime as long as shes looking into glass. Her shades are actually her computer. I looked at him funny and then looked at the lady and I said No that cant be, because she isnt moving her hands to select anything. He said She doesnt have to, because her eyes will do all the selecting. Also with her shades she can travel. So I replied, Duh I know that, because at home we can travel with are shades too, you forget we usually is have them in our bag or on our face aye? He laughed and said No, in 2050 their shades can teleport them to where ever they want to go, she just have to select the place with her eyes. Oh! I replied. He then said I have to carry you home before our parents come. But we can come back next week so you can see where your great granddaughter lives. I smiled because I was so excited. So as we stepped into the time machine, and I told him I truly enjoyed my day in the year 2050.

Western Perspective on Western Biases in Hinduism Essay -- Hindu Relig

In many ways Rita Gross’ stance on Western bias on Hinduism, which creates an andocentric stance on three primary deities of Vishnu, Siva, and Devi, worshipped in Hindu tradition, is valid. As argued by Gross, within texts of Hinduism there appears an inclination towards an andocentric classification of the primary deities. This classification which is continually purported, truly does, resembles a group created with a patriarchy in mind. The list consistently is, as provided, Vishnu, Siva, and Devi. According to Gross’ theory, the male oriented Hindu representation of the primary three deities was not questioned by Western scholarship. As well as the fact, that Western traditions primary â€Å"favour of texts† would have hindered any further advancement of Hindu religion (Gross, p. 320). By excluding the rituals and symbols of the deities there would only be a partial understanding of Hinduism. In my opinion, I agree with Gross on the aspect of Western tradition biasing the actual representation of goddesses. But I believe it may be important to illustrate the fact that other factors could have enabled an increase of Western biases. Among the unquantifiable number of civilizations which have come and dissipated into time, religion has been variably andocentric. Take the Greek and Roman religious tradition, both held above all the patriarchic tradition of rule under a man: Zeus and Jupiter. Further on in monotheistic traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, there are also aspects which can be determined to be andocentric. All three religions validated, over time, through dogma and tradition of a male god. Even though Judaism contains a matriarchic tradition of governance, there remains an ideology, which the old and new testa... ...n are subordinate to the male deity, in example Mary the mother of Christ became one of her son’s chief followers. Mary is still held in high regard but not in the same esteem as her son, Christ. In this suggests an andocentric tendency by Westerns who place more importance on men than women. When faced by a polytheistic system of deities which includes goddesses as not subordinate to the gods but sometimes more powerful and fearful characters could also increase the bias held by Westerns. Works Cited Fuller, C. J. The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2004. Print. Gross, Rita M. "Toward a New Model of the Hindu Pantheon: A Report on Twenty-some Years of Feminist Reflection." Academic Press 28 (1998): 319-27. Klostermaier, Klaus K. Hinduism: Beginners Guides. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2007. Print. Western Perspective on Western Biases in Hinduism Essay -- Hindu Relig In many ways Rita Gross’ stance on Western bias on Hinduism, which creates an andocentric stance on three primary deities of Vishnu, Siva, and Devi, worshipped in Hindu tradition, is valid. As argued by Gross, within texts of Hinduism there appears an inclination towards an andocentric classification of the primary deities. This classification which is continually purported, truly does, resembles a group created with a patriarchy in mind. The list consistently is, as provided, Vishnu, Siva, and Devi. According to Gross’ theory, the male oriented Hindu representation of the primary three deities was not questioned by Western scholarship. As well as the fact, that Western traditions primary â€Å"favour of texts† would have hindered any further advancement of Hindu religion (Gross, p. 320). By excluding the rituals and symbols of the deities there would only be a partial understanding of Hinduism. In my opinion, I agree with Gross on the aspect of Western tradition biasing the actual representation of goddesses. But I believe it may be important to illustrate the fact that other factors could have enabled an increase of Western biases. Among the unquantifiable number of civilizations which have come and dissipated into time, religion has been variably andocentric. Take the Greek and Roman religious tradition, both held above all the patriarchic tradition of rule under a man: Zeus and Jupiter. Further on in monotheistic traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, there are also aspects which can be determined to be andocentric. All three religions validated, over time, through dogma and tradition of a male god. Even though Judaism contains a matriarchic tradition of governance, there remains an ideology, which the old and new testa... ...n are subordinate to the male deity, in example Mary the mother of Christ became one of her son’s chief followers. Mary is still held in high regard but not in the same esteem as her son, Christ. In this suggests an andocentric tendency by Westerns who place more importance on men than women. When faced by a polytheistic system of deities which includes goddesses as not subordinate to the gods but sometimes more powerful and fearful characters could also increase the bias held by Westerns. Works Cited Fuller, C. J. The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2004. Print. Gross, Rita M. "Toward a New Model of the Hindu Pantheon: A Report on Twenty-some Years of Feminist Reflection." Academic Press 28 (1998): 319-27. Klostermaier, Klaus K. Hinduism: Beginners Guides. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2007. Print.

Basketball: Visual Perception and Eye

Does crossed hand-eye dominance affect free throw shooting in basketball? The purpose of this experiment is to learn about crossed hand eye dominance and help increase free throw percentage in basketball. Some further investigations could include testing if crossed hand-eye dominance effected hand-eye coordination, if air pressure will affect the dynamics of ball bouncing, or if people that are left-dominant or right-dominant affect any certain thing. First, the eye dominance test was conducted, which determines the dominant eye. From that it is determined if the subject was crossed hand eye dominant, or uncrossed hand eye dominant.Does crossed hand-eye dominance affect free throw shooting in basketball? Hand-eye dominance and how it affects basketball shooting are the focus of what is expected to learn about. The idea of having a dominant hand (being left-handed or0 right-handed) is familiar to everyone. What may not be so familiar is the concept of a dominant eye. Most people are a ccustomed to using both eyes together, and don't think much about situations where it might matter if one eye is dominant over the other. When shooting free throws in basketball, players often hold the ball up at face-level when preparing for the shot.In this position, the ball can easily block (at least partially) the eye on the same side of the body as the shooting hand. For shooters with uncrossed hand and eye dominances, this would mean that the dominant eye was partially blocked. For shooters with crossed hand and eye dominances, this would mean that the non-dominant eye was partially blocked. Clearly, basketball players must use their vision to locate the target and judge distance and line before skills take over to send the ball on its way. Hand and eye dominance must work together to help ones score baskets.Crossed hand eye dominance alone will not help ones score, but with other factors involved, it might help one score a basket. If one is crossed hand-eye dominant, then th eir shooting percentage will increase because when players shoot free throws, they often hold the ball up at face-level when preparing for the shot. In this position, the ball can easily block the eye on the same side of the body as the shooting hand. For shooters with uncrossed hand and eye dominances, this would mean that the dominant eye was partially blocked. For shooters with crossed hand and eye ominances, this would mean that the non-dominant eye was partially blocked. The independent variable is if you are cross hand-eye dominant, and the dependent variable is how many free-throws you make. Eye dominance refers to the eye that the brain prefers, or one that has stronger processing in the brain than the other. People usually have one eye that likes to take over when binocular vision is impaired, or one eye that is more sensitive to visual discrimination. During suppression, when the brain chooses to process only one eye, the other eye is in essence shut down.Usually it makes no difference in correcting for visual defects with eyeglasses or contacts. Data from previously done experiments support this hypothesis. One experiment done by Keith Hines and Robert Thurman stated that crossed hand-eye dominant people have a higher free throw percentage than uncrossed hand-eye dominant people. Another experiment proved the same results. This project was conducted by Ashton W. Pomrehn, who found that crossed hand-eye dominance has a positive effect on basketball players.It makes logical sense that crossed hand-eye dominance would have a positive effect on free throw percentage because if you have uncrossed hand-eye dominance, your dominant eye is blocked by the hand shooting the basketball. According to an article in â€Å"Experimental Psychology,† the proper sequence of vision and action in shooting a basketball is not conclusively affected by crossed hand-eye dominance. Experiments testing the accuracy of basketball players shooting the ball through a var iety of visual stimuli showed that, among other things, individuals tend to adjust to whatever dominant hand-eye combination they possess.Shooting a basketball simply reflects their hand-eye skills in general. Some key terms are: dominance- the normal tendency for one side of the brain to be more important than the other in controlling certain functions, as speech and language: crossed- mixed, usually with two components; and, eye dominance- the tendency to prefer visual input from one eye to the other. More key terms are: Hand dominance- the preference of one hand to perform fine and gross motor tasks; and, crossed hand eye Dominance- having opposite dominances in eyes and hands.There are a few key points to know while conducting this experiment. â€Å"Eye Dominance† refers to the eye that the brain â€Å"prefers† or one that has stronger â€Å"processing† in the brain than the other. People usually have one eye that likes to â€Å"take over† when binocu lar vision is impaired, or one eye that is more sensitive to visual discrimination. During suppression, when the brain â€Å"chooses† to process only one eye, the other eye is â€Å"shut down†. Usually it makes no difference in correcting for visual defects with eyeglasses or contacts.

Peter Waldo and the Waldesians Essay

The Waldesians, a small community of Christians, originated in Lyon, France in the12th century. According to the Dictionary of Beliefs and Religions they rejected the authority of the pope, prayers for the dead and the veneration of saints. Despite severe persecution and excommunication by the Roman Catholic church over many years they have survived to the present day and have churches in Germany, Italy and in both North and South America. Peter Waldo ( also known as Pierre ( 1160 -1318) is said to have made a fortune by working as a merchant and   by lending money as a usurer, according to ‘The Conversion of Peter Waldo’ an anonymous document of about 1218.   The writer records how, in about 1173 Peter Waldo of Lyon heard a troubadour telling a story. He was enthralled and invited the story teller to his home. Waldo was so affected by what he heard that next day he went to a school of theology and asked what he should do. He was told :- â€Å"If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell all that thou hast,† ( Matthew 19 v 21) Waldo asked his wife which she would prefer to keep – his personal property or his real estate. She was not pleased at having to make any choice, but chose the real estate. He then placed his daughters in a convent and distributed the majority of his money, some to those he had misused, but most to the poor of the area. At that time there was a famine and several times each week he provided food for the people. The people thought he was mad. At the time of the Assumption of the blessed Virgin, casting some money among the village poor, he cried, â€Å"No man can serve two masters, God and mammon.† Then his fellow-citizens ran up, thinking he had lost his mind. But he said. :-   My fellow-citizens and friends, I not insane, as you think, but I am avenging myself on my enemies, who made me a slave, so that I was always more careful of money than of God, and served the creature rather than the Creator. I know that many will blame me that I act thus openly. But I do it both on my own account and on yours; on my own, so that those who see me henceforth possessing any money may say that I am mad, and on yours, that you may learn to place hope in God and not in riches.† Waldo was very interested in the Bible and in 1160 paid for a translation of it into the Romance language. Waldo began to travel about preaching. H e and his companions were known as ’the poor men of Lyon’. The group promoted pacifism according to Kreider and Yoder in ‘The History of Christianity’. ( page 25). The idea of lay folk, many of them illiterate, living in simple poverty was approved by the papacy at the Third Lateran Council in 1179. The pope did however add the proviso that they obtain permission to preach from local church authorities. At this time Waldo’s ideas were in keeping with the Catholic church. Waldo and his followers, by their poverty showed up the laxity and worldliness of many in the church and in 1181 the Archbishop of Lyon banned them from preaching. In 1184 they were excommunicated by the pope. So what had begun as a popular movement had become heresy in a few years. Although a few former Waldesians were welcomed back into the church the response of the majority   was to establish their own church with all the organization that implies – deacons, priests and bishops. Later they would claim that they were the only true church. They quickly became established in Lombardy and Provence Outbursts by the hierarchy of the Catholic church against unlicensed preaching and the group’s refusal to acknowledge the authority and need for the intermediary role of the clergy only served to make them identify Roman Catholicism as ‘the Great Whore of Babylon’ and thus not worthy of acknowledgement. They considered at that time that the validity o f the sacrament depended upon the worthiness of the celebrant   – and as they rejected the worthiness of Catholicism they rejected its priests and sacraments that they administered. Waldesians preferred to study the scriptures for themselves rather than have them interpreted for them by priests as was the rule a the time. Gradually they established churches in most parts of Europe an d became the most widespread of ‘heretic’ groups of the time. They rejected or re-interpreted Catholic sacraments. The eucharist was only celebrated annually and in theory anyone could administer it. The priest became simply ‘a good man’. Most feast days were rejected as not being Biblical . Because they could not find evidence for purgatory within the scriptures they rejected it together with the idea of prayers for the dead. Similar thinking led them to reject saints not mentioned in the Bible. Their ideas became mixed with that of other groups. In southern France for instance they mixed with the ideas of the Cathars. They were so oppressed that there was a crusade against them in 1488 according to Ronald Finucane the pope so feared   what he perceived as a threat to the stability o f the church that an attempt was made to destroy their whole culture. Organised attacks were made upon them in Provence and in Italy. The Waldesians would no t have fought back physically as they condemned war and the shedding of blood. By the time of the Reformation the Waldesians were in contact with many groups across Europe and there was consequently a great exchange of ideas. Many joined local Protestant churches. Gradually they were absorbed into the mainstream of the Protestant Reformation. Not without continued opposition however. In 1655 the Duke of Savoy for instance ordered members to take communion or sell their lands and leave his territory.   After hearing false reports twenty days later a massacre ensued. By this time the Waldesians were worshipping openly in French. In 1685 the king of France Louis XIV renounced the edit of Nantes and so made it illegal to be a Protestant in France. They were under penalty of death or banishment   if they refused to admit that they had been wrong. After the French Revolution the Protestants of Piedmont were finally given religious freedom to worship as they wished and in 1848, the king of Sardinia , who also ruled Savoy gave them full rights, both civil and religious. Today’s Waldesians consider themselves Protestants in the Calvin tradition. They accept the doctrines of mainstream Protestantism and celebrate only two sacraments – baptism and the Eucharist. Authority is exercised by a yearly synod and individual churches by the pastor and a council of members. This is perhaps far removed from one man giving away his wealth and life style for the gospels sake, but the Waldesian church has evolved as all churches do, while at the same time remaining true to its ideals of justice, freedom conscience, and respect for religious diversity. This is exemplified in the American Waldesian Aid Society who carry out such activities as earthquake relief, the care of orphans of war and give help to refugees as well as the formation of Italian language Protestant churches. The fact that they are now considered as a mainstream church can be seen by their close links with the Methodist church and their links with the ecumenical movement . The Waldesians may be numerically a small group,   as they always were , but they were the forerunners of Protestantism and so are worthy of their place in church history. Works cited American Waldesian Aid Society found at http://www.waldensian.org/aws01.php and retrieved 13th November 2007 Finucane,R. 1980, The Waldesians in The History of Chrsitianity, Lion Publishing, Hertfordshire. Goring R. ( editor)1992 Chambers Dictionary of Beliefs and Religions, Chambers, Edinburgh. Kreider, A and Yoder, J. 1980, Christians and War in The History of Christianity, Lion Publishing , Hertfordshire. Robinson, J.H.( translator) The Conversion of Peter Waldo found at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/waldo1.html and retrieved 14th November 2007 Waldesians   found at   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Later_history and retrieved 13th November 2007   

Hypsilophodon - Facts and Figures

Hypsilophodon - Facts and Figures Name: Hypsilophodon (Greek for Hypsilophus-toothed); pronounced HIP-sih-LOAF-oh-don Habitat: Forests of western Europe Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (125-120 million years ago) Size and Weight: About five feet long and 50 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; bipedal posture; numerous teeth lining cheeks About Hypsilophodon The initial fossil specimens of Hypsilophodon were discovered in England in 1849, but it wasnt until 20 years later that they were recognized as belonging to an entirely new genus of dinosaur, and not to a juvenile Iguanodon (as paleontologists first believed). That wasnt the only misconception about Hypsilophodon: nineteenth-century scientists once speculated that this dinosaur lived high up in the branches of trees (since they couldnt imagine such a puny beast holding its own against contemporary giants like Megalosaurus) and/or walked on all fours, and some naturalists even thought it had armor plating on its skin! Heres what we do know about Hypsilophodon: this roughly human-sized dinosaur appears to have been built for speed, with long legs and a long, straight, stiff tail, which it held parallel to the ground for balance. Since we know from the shape and arrangement of its teeth that Hypsilophodon was a herbivore (technically a type of small, slender dinosaur known as an ornithopod), we can surmise that it evolved its sprinting ability as a way of escaping the large theropods (i.e., meat-eating dinosaurs) of its middle Cretaceous habitat, such as (possibly) Baryonyx and Eotyrannus. We also know that Hypsilophodon was closely related to Valdosaurus, another small ornithopod discovered on Englands Isle of Wight. Because it was discovered so early in the history of paleontology, Hypsilophodon is a case study in confusion. (Even this dinosaurs name is widely misunderstood: it technically means Hypsilophus-toothed, after a genus of modern lizard, in the same way that Iguanodon means Iguana-toothed, back when naturalists thought it actually resembled an iguana.) The fact is that it took decades for early paleontologists to reconstruct the ornithopod family tree, to which Hypsilophodon belongs, and even today ornithopods as a whole are virtually ignored by the general public, which prefers terrrifying meat-eating dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus Rex or gigantic sauropods like Diplodocus.

Montana 1948 Practice Essay Essays

Montana 1948 Practice Essay Essays Montana 1948 Practice Essay Paper Montana 1948 Practice Essay Paper Maturity may come at any age any time in a persons life. One moment he or she may be a carefree child, and then suddenly realize that they have been transformed into a mature adult by a powerful and traumatic experience, which they will remember their whole lives. After that, they were never same again. As a result, they rapidly matured into adults. In Montana, the summer of 1948 held a series of tragic events which were to have a permanent and decisive impact on David and his parents. This chain of events were turn David’s young life and his family upside down forever which was to so quickly lead him out of childhood, destroying his innocence and youthful naivety in the process. However, David’s shocking revelations lead to his painful gaining of wisdom. Firstly, David started to change his mind since their housekeeper, Marie Little Soldier’s illness. She refused to see the doctor Frank which is brother of David’s father Wes. Wes called Frank come to house, but Marie insisted Gail stay in room together. After Frank went, she told Gail horrible things that Frank has been doing to Indian girls in reservation. David overheard the conversation between Gail and Wes. â€Å"†¦I was beginning already to think of Uncle Frank as a criminal†¦Charming, affable Uncle Frank was gone for good. †P49 David thought his uncle was good until he heard those frightening statement. David knew this information would change him forever. He took one step toward adulthood by hearing and understanding what his uncle has done. Unfortunately, Marie dead after a few days Frank went to the house. Frank claimed her dead because of pneumonia. Basically, she was sick, but David knew better, he went to deputy sheriff Len McAuley’s house. Len was drunk and reveals the fact that he also saw Frank walking into house before Marie was found dead. David chose to tell his parents what he knew, or at least part he knew about Frank. This shows that he was developing in the area of honesty. Before, David would kept all this to himself, rather than face his parents with knowledge he knows will displease them. Furthermore, a loss of David’s innocence also appears during his killing of a live magpie. This brought an evil in him also reinforcing the fact that he has killed a living creature in the wild and mentioning that â€Å"it can be done in a flick of the finger† â€Å"†¦Looking in the dead bird’s eye, I realized that these strange, unthought-of connections – sex and death, lust and violence, desire and degradation – are there, there, deep in even a good heart’s chambers. †P82 Finally, Wes chose to arrest his brother. Instead f taking him to an actual jail, he thought that he can reduce his murderer and rapist brother some embarrassment by locking him in basement. Julian Hayden sent some men from ranch came to house to break Frank free. Here David was close to being an adult because he realized how he must act and the gravity of situation in which he and his family are involved. He’s far from the child who once looked forward to visits from his uncle and visits to grandfathers ranch. As an adult, he is concerned with the welfare of his family and parents well-being emotionally. David would like to stand by his family when they are in need. He didn’t desert them or feel shameful. He stayed loyal and true to those he cares for and loves. Thus, he has shown his ability to act as an adult should. As a result, in the rapid journey which David has been forced to undertake from innocence to experience, to seeing life in a whole, truthful and certainly more painful way, he learns many lessons and gains important insights, but none more disturbing than that which immediately follows Frank’s suicide. â€Å"You see, I knew! I knew! – I knew! That Uncle Frank’s suicide had solved all of our problems †¦ I felt something for my uncle in death that I hadn’t felt for him in life. It was gratitude, yes, but it was something more. It was very close to love†. P161-162 One can never be too sure when the innocence of childhood is lost, the sure thing is that everyone becomes an adult eventually, and thats when they lose their innoc ence. In many cases, this change from child to adult is a harsh thing, and often it is the realization that the world is not perfect.

Bottled Mineral Water Industry

Bottled Mineral Water Industry Drinking water is the most important need of life. The drinking-water needs for human beings vary according to the climatic conditions, body structure. For an average consumer, the body needs around 2 to 4 liters of water every day. The increasing number of cases of water borne diseases, water pollution, urbanization, shortage of pure and safe water etc. has added to the phenomenal growth of the industry. Unavailability or shortage of drinking water at public places has also added to the growth of the bottled mineral water industry. https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ-hMDAxvtyGgM9RYPtFwODPCj7vnFqzHgt-4ToWgRUursv0QPQ OVERVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY In India, more than 100 companies manufacture and sell about 450 million liters of packaged drinking water worth Rs. 250 crores annually. The tradition of packaged drinking water started decades back. In the West, the trend of packaged water started in 1950s. Thus the trend of mineral water consumption flourished in the market. Depending on various factors like the temperature, the location, the altitude, and the climatic conditions, water can be used to cure various ailments. This started the trend of manufacturing mineral water for drinking purposes to utilize this property of the liquid. The trend gained momentum in 1970s and since then large quantities of packaged water from mineral springs were used in the European nations. Bottled mineral water has been prevalent in western countries due to presence of higher health conscious people and higher awareness of sanitation. People preferred to drink boiled water or filtered purified water to prevent them from contracting any water borne diseases or ailments. In India, exposure to western and European life styles and culture, poor levels and quality of drinking water, increasing number of cases of water borne diseases, increasing awareness about health and hygiene and other related factors led to consumption of mineral water. The market has not looked back ever since then and has grown significantly to a great extent. VARIOUS BRANDS IN THE INDUSTRY BISLERI COMPANY: Parle Bisleri Pvt. Ltd. COMPANY BACKGROUND: Parle Bisleri Pvt. Ltd is the biggest player in packaged drinking water business in India. The company sold off the Thumps Up and Gold Spot brands to Coca-Cola India in the early 1990s. Since then, the company has focused only on packaged bottled water in India. The company changed its slogan to â€Å"Play Safe† from â€Å"Pure and Safe†, since many small competitors tried to emulate the look of the company’s brands. Parle Bisleri Pvt. ltd. is credited with building the use of bulk packaged mineral water in India through the introduction of 20-litre jar packaging. The company developed consumer-friendly packaging for the 20-litre jars by adding threaded fittings and valve caps, as opposed to other brands that feature snap-on fittings. These innovations facilitated easier flow of water from the jar pack. HISTO RY OF THE BRAND: BISLERI originated in Italy and the brand owes its name to its founder MR.FELICE BISLERI. In 1967, BISLERI set up its plant in Bombay for bottling and marketing actual mineral water, which was not so fruitful initiative. By 1969, BISLERI wanted to shut down its business and to help Mr. Bisleri out, Mr. Chauhan bought the company, with an intention to turn it into a soda/soft drinks brand. Since then it has not looked back and has come a long way. Now, it owns a significantly high percentage of shares in the Indian market and also has spread widely on the International front.

Psychological anthroplogy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psychological anthroplogy - Essay Example They were brought up to be kept and protected. They received proper training in reading, domestic skills training, simple mythology and had to stay home. Teenage girls were married off to thirty year old men (McGee & Richard, 2004). They did not have the right to select husbands for themselves. Their father selected the husband. Girls were expected to be virgins before their marriage. In Greek culture, women were not considered to be part of family until the first child was born. Adult Greek females belonging to respectable families were instructed to stay at home and weave. They were only allowed to attend religious ceremonies. Young girls and women were active in festivals. Frequently, older women were chosen to attend the gods. She was the only woman who had the permission to serve the gods and offer them food (Alasuutari, 1995). From infancy, Greek boys were expected to receive education and become financially independent. They were sent to school at the age of six and were taugh t to have healthy bodies. At the age of sixteen, they received formal training for their future jobs. They were considered to be the leaders and they were active in politics. Greek men were engaged in several activities which included spending time in fields, looking after crops, hunting or commercial activities. In addition, they enjoyed wrestling, horseback riding, etc (Miller, 2003). Ancient Maya women played a very vital role in Mayan society. Although they were considered to propagate culture through bringing up children, they were also active economical, governmental and farming activities. Maya women in charge of food economy and made sure there was ample supply of deer because ancient Maya consumed meat. In Maya Culture, women and men had different but equal tasks. Maya men were expected to produce food by working in the fields and females used to process these products to make them

Nutrition Science with menu I created Assignment - 1

Nutrition Science with menu I created - Assignment Example When ordering, you will not order partial cases. For example, if you need 8 No 10 cans, order two cases. Plan a one-day menu including serving sizes from the foods listed at the end of this document. When a food is portioned to be an individual serving in the list included in this assignment, use that as the serving size. For example, dry, uncooked cereal is on the list in single serving boxes/cartons that range from 0.75 to 1.375 ounces. If you use one of them as a menu item, the serving size will be the same as the weight on the list. For other foods, Table 2.4 (12th edition) in Food for Fifty or 4.1 (13th Edition) is very helpful in determining some serving sizes. For example, nearly all vegetables, which are typically portioned with a number 8 dipper, i.e.,  ½ cup, are listed in the table as being a 3 oz portion. This means they weigh 3 oz. This does not mean 3 fluid ounces. USE FORM 1 FOR YOUR MENU PLAN. Failure to use the form will result in a 5 point deduction. You will need to prepare a purchase order for the foods and ingredients you need to serve your newly planned menu to 50 people. Use the attached form, FORMAT FOR DETERMINING PURCHASE INFORMATION, Form 2. The list of foods includes the price. It will also indicate the size of an institutional package/case and the contents of the case. 1. Using FORM 2, list all the menu items including any ingredients you will need to make the menu item in the first column. For example, in the sample, for scrambled eggs, both eggs and milk are listed. Then in the second column, list the amount you will need to make 50 servings. If you need a partial can or package please indicate that in the column titled Quantity to serve 50. If the product comes in 1 oz or approximately 1 oz (cereal) or 4 or 6 oz portions (juice, pudding, yogurt, etc), indicate in the â€Å"Quantity to serve

Business plan for a new business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business plan for a new business - Essay Example here are still people who are willing to invest part of their earnings in maintaining their gardens because they understand that a neat, planned and lush green lawn is a status symbol and adds pride to their property. The mission of Ladybird Lawn Care is to offer its customers a valuable source for maintaining their lawn and landscaping needs. We believe in exceeding the expectations of our customers by delivering superior quality and innovation. We strive to develop and retain long term relationships with our customers and employees. To be known as the premium landscape and lawn maintenance company in the city of New York; and to expand our operations worldwide. Honesty, innovation and dependability form the foundation for building strong customer relationships. The internal environment of Ladybird Lawn Care considers treating its employees with respect and care which makes their job enjoyable; as a result, the company flourishes. Ladybird Lawn Care is owned by Marina Rivera who is the CEO of the company. He holds the vision that maintaining lawns is equally important as maintaining customer loyalty and employee commitment. Ladybird Lawn Care is a USA based lawn care business which will initially provide service to customers in the city of New York and later expand to the suburbs. The company makes sure that the products it uses to treat lawns are organic and free of harmful chemicals. At Ladybird Lawn Care, the employees are highly trained and best quality lawn care equipments are used to exceed customers’ expectations. Ladybird Lawn Care has established its first office in New York. The target market of the company includes lawn owners that fall between the age group of forty to sixty five. The customers are educated and have an income level slightly above average. These customers are usually busy employees or business owners who believe that a well organized lawn reflects their social status but do not find enough time to manage the lawns on their

The Ferret after It Is Prosecuted Under Section 5 as to How It Can Rel Essay

The Ferret after It Is Prosecuted Under Section 5 as to How It Can Rely Upon European Union Law and the European Convention on Human Rights - Essay Example On the first level, it must be noted that one area where judicial discretion is especially large is the area of free speech. While the right to free speech is a crystallized principle that has been placed almost since the beginning of time, enjoying a cherished position in the bill of rights of virtually all civilized legal systems, the interpretation of what constitutes free and protected speech still has yet to be perfectly refined. This provision has been invoked many times over in the course of history, whether within the European Union or outside, successfully and unsuccessfully; and Courts have had many opportunities to set standards and devise guidelines to determine if the speech in question should be protected or not. It becomes more difficult when the right to free speech competes with another right, in this case, the right of religious minority groups to tolerance and acceptance. In "easy" cases, all that should be done is look through jurisprudence until one finds the applicable case with similar facts. In "hard" cases with novel facts, the role of the judge becomes infinitely more difficult. The boundaries are ever-shifting; and internally, the judge will be trying not only to apply the law but to subject the text or speech in question to her own subjective inquiry in order to determine the intent of the message-bearer and what the material was trying to say. (De la Cruz, 2002) Social and political values inevitably come to the fore. To quote legal writer Thomas Streeter, "It is in the character of language, in other words, that a judge will never be able to look at the text of the Bill of Rights and legal precedents to decide whether or not flag burning is protected by the First Amendment; he will always in one way or another be forced to make a choice about whether or not he thinks it should be protected, and will always be faced with the possibility that a reasonable person could plausibly disagree." (Streeter, 1995) What distinguishes the area on free speech from other "legally-indeterminate" areas is that it is inextricably intertwined with and largely dependent on language which, as many eminent linguists have said, is arbitrary in the sense that meanings cannot be derived from anything logically-inherent in the words. These meanings are merely "assigned meanings" born of the collective experiences of people in a community and this system of interpretation is never static. As stated by Streeter, "Aside from language in general and perhaps some very deep-level aspects of syntax, there is very little that is universal, neutral, or mechanical about human languages." (IBID.) In this situation, it is clear that the European Convention on Human Rights secures both the right of the media to free speech, as well as the right of marginalized groups. But since the task is to find a basis to defend the newspaper in the existing Human Rights Convention, then it may be argued that the right to free speech is indeed a cherished ideal and is considered a sacrosanct freedom. If one compares the violation to the newspaper and the violation to the Muslims, without meaning to denigrate their suffering which we know is starkly real, the right against censorship and prior restraint appears to be more serious, than the right to "not be mocked."Â   Â   Â  

Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Poetry - Essay Example Despite his mother’s protestations and desire to spend their insurance cheque on a house which would greatly benefit the family as a whole, Walter is adamant that he invest the money, and does so despite these familial objections. His sister wants to spend money on tuition for medical school as it is her dream to become a doctor, but he even mocks this as she is a woman and he cannot see the merits of spending the money in this way. Walter reflects the view in the 1950s that women should stay at home and only men should be educated, an obstacle his sister must constantly fight against. Though he does dream of his son going to college, this is still a selfish dream as he appears to think that this will reflect favourably on himself. The conflict the family experience due to their different dreams, is a major theme. The character of Walter as the protagonist of the play is also the most interesting in my opinion as he also serves as a form of antagonist. Many of the plays themes and plot developments centre on Walter while it is also as a result of Walters weaknesses and actions which cause the family further adversity and problems. Walters character goes through a significant transformation through the play. At the beginning he is portrayed as weak, selfish, materialistic and belligerent, while by the end of the play his selfishness seems to have waned as he puts the needs of his family ahead of his own. In doing so, he gives the play its structure and reflects the conflict and tensions which were relevant at the time. The character of Walter is introduced to the audience as a man of weakness and selfishness and several of the social and economic obstacles faced by the Younger family are manifested in Walters attitude. Though Walter admits that he wants the best for his family, his version of having the best is utterly materialistic and

Business plan for a new business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business plan for a new business - Essay Example here are still people who are willing to invest part of their earnings in maintaining their gardens because they understand that a neat, planned and lush green lawn is a status symbol and adds pride to their property. The mission of Ladybird Lawn Care is to offer its customers a valuable source for maintaining their lawn and landscaping needs. We believe in exceeding the expectations of our customers by delivering superior quality and innovation. We strive to develop and retain long term relationships with our customers and employees. To be known as the premium landscape and lawn maintenance company in the city of New York; and to expand our operations worldwide. Honesty, innovation and dependability form the foundation for building strong customer relationships. The internal environment of Ladybird Lawn Care considers treating its employees with respect and care which makes their job enjoyable; as a result, the company flourishes. Ladybird Lawn Care is owned by Marina Rivera who is the CEO of the company. He holds the vision that maintaining lawns is equally important as maintaining customer loyalty and employee commitment. Ladybird Lawn Care is a USA based lawn care business which will initially provide service to customers in the city of New York and later expand to the suburbs. The company makes sure that the products it uses to treat lawns are organic and free of harmful chemicals. At Ladybird Lawn Care, the employees are highly trained and best quality lawn care equipments are used to exceed customers’ expectations. Ladybird Lawn Care has established its first office in New York. The target market of the company includes lawn owners that fall between the age group of forty to sixty five. The customers are educated and have an income level slightly above average. These customers are usually busy employees or business owners who believe that a well organized lawn reflects their social status but do not find enough time to manage the lawns on their

Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Poetry - Essay Example Despite his mother’s protestations and desire to spend their insurance cheque on a house which would greatly benefit the family as a whole, Walter is adamant that he invest the money, and does so despite these familial objections. His sister wants to spend money on tuition for medical school as it is her dream to become a doctor, but he even mocks this as she is a woman and he cannot see the merits of spending the money in this way. Walter reflects the view in the 1950s that women should stay at home and only men should be educated, an obstacle his sister must constantly fight against. Though he does dream of his son going to college, this is still a selfish dream as he appears to think that this will reflect favourably on himself. The conflict the family experience due to their different dreams, is a major theme. The character of Walter as the protagonist of the play is also the most interesting in my opinion as he also serves as a form of antagonist. Many of the plays themes and plot developments centre on Walter while it is also as a result of Walters weaknesses and actions which cause the family further adversity and problems. Walters character goes through a significant transformation through the play. At the beginning he is portrayed as weak, selfish, materialistic and belligerent, while by the end of the play his selfishness seems to have waned as he puts the needs of his family ahead of his own. In doing so, he gives the play its structure and reflects the conflict and tensions which were relevant at the time. The character of Walter is introduced to the audience as a man of weakness and selfishness and several of the social and economic obstacles faced by the Younger family are manifested in Walters attitude. Though Walter admits that he wants the best for his family, his version of having the best is utterly materialistic and

Barbie-Q Essay Example for Free

Barbie-Q Essay In Sandra Cisneross Barbie-Q, a sudden abundance of flawed Barbie dolls makes the child narrator accepts her own identity and discards societys ideals of women. The initial storyworld is that of materialism and perfection. What the narrator values in her dolls and what she plays with them could be seen as a reflection of her own self image, of what she thinks she should look like and what kind of life she should live. From the first few lines of the story it becomes clear that the narrator of the story is a little girl. She describes the outfits of her barbies, as if reading from the package, to her friend. Yours is the one with mean eyes and a ponytail. Striped swimsuit, stilettos, sunglasses, and gold hoop earrings. The dolls mean eyes reveals the authors critical attitude towards the ideal it represents. This attitude also shows in the title of the story. The Narrator uses second person, as if directly adressing the reader. Who she is talking to is never defined in the story, but it is clear that she is talking to a fellow child. The narration mainly uses only first and second person, which realistically recreates the world of a little girl, where the narrator and her friend are the only people and Barbie dolls the only things that matter. In the second paragraph, the girls repeat societys gender roles in their play: Every time the same story. Your Barbie is roommates with my Barbie, my Barbies boyfriend comes over and your Barbie steals him, okay? The invisible Ken doll could be seen as the authors way of emphasising her point about societys assuptions of young womens interests. The author makes the scene strange enough to catch the readers attention. The flea market scene describes the mundane reality of the narrators neighbourhood which is contrasted with the girls aspirations that are projected to barbie dolls that represent a different social background and lifestyle. The narrator lists the items in the flea markets just like she did with her dolls: Lying on the street next to some tool bits, and platform shoes with the heels all squashed, and a fluorescent green wicker wastebasket, and aluminum foil, and hubcaps, and a pink shag rug, and windshield wiper blades, and dusty mason jars, and coffee can full of rusty nails. This emphasises the contrast. The initial story world is disrupted in the flea market scene as the narrator finds flawed Barbies for sale. This scene develops in the next paragraph as the narrator gets all the Barbies she dreamed of, only all of them damaged by a fire. In the last paragraph, the narrator seems to accept her own social background as she understands that it doesnt matter that they cant afford all the new Barbie dolls. So what if we didnt get our new Bendable Legs Barbie and Midge and Ken and Skipper and Tutti and Todd and Scooter and Rickie and Alan and Francie in nice clean boxes and had to buy them on Maxwell Street, all water-soaked and sooty. The narrator describes her flawed Barbie: And if the prettiest doll, Barbies MODern cousin Francie with real eyelashes, eyelash brush included, has a left foot thats melted a little-so? This statement could be seen as having a wider meaning, that the child also accepts her own flaws and ends her quest for perfection defined by society.

Benefits of Foreign Direct Investment

Benefits of Foreign Direct Investment Do Host Countries Benefit From Foreign Direct Investment? Evidence From Developing Economies Executive Summary The multinational companies (MNCs) and associated foreign direct investment (FDI) play an important role in international economy. It is well-known that FDI activity can bring many significant effects to host countries. In this essay I estimate such effects from three different aspects: The first part I focus on the relation between FDI and host country wages. Previous studies show that it is a universal phenomenon that the wages in foreign companies are higher than domestic companies. The FDI activity has a positive effect to the overall wage levels of the host countries, although wages spillovers to domestic companies are not always exist. The second part I focus on the relation between FDI and host country productivity. Foreign companies have higher productivity than domestic companies; it can be supported by most of the available studies no matter what measures have been used. Although some findings reflected that local firms in developing countries can benefit from FDI by productivity spillovers, in more cases, the productivity spillovers are not significant, even negative. The third part I focus on the relation between FDI and host countrys economic Growth. The result shows that developing countries can benefit from FDI and achieve economic growth. Overall, the host countries, especially the developing countries, can benefit from foreign direct investment. 1. Introduction The worldwide spread of multinational companies (MNCs) and associated foreign direct investment (FDI) play an important role in reconstructing economy pattern of the world. It is well-known that FDI activity can bring many significant effects to host countries development. In this essay I will estimate such effects from three different aspects- the effect in wages, the effect in productivity and the effect in economic growth- by reviewing numerous relative studies and try to find out whether host countries, especially the developing countries, can get benefits from foreign direct investment. 2. FDI And Host Country Wages In this section, I will explain to what extend does FDI influence host countries wages level. Whether local firms could benefit from the entrance or existence of foreign companies will be analyzed based on the previous studies. Firstly, let us take a look at the difference between foreign companies and domestic companies in regard to wages level. Almost all the available studies proved that foreign companies did pay higher wages in developing countries. Haddad and Harrison (1993) made a research on different companies performance in Morocco. They found that in unweighted means, foreign firms paid about 70% higher wages than domestic firms. According to weighted means, the foreign companies still paid higher real wages than domestic companies (PP.58-59). Higher wages paying by MNCs was also supported by some studies of other developing countries, such as Indonesia (Hill, 1990, Manning 1998, Lipsey and Sjà ¶holm, 2001). Lipsey and Sjà ¶holm (2001) reported that when taken the educational level into account, blue-collar workers can get 25% higher wages and white-collar workers can get 50% higher wages in foreign companies. In the conclusion part of this paper, the author stated â€Å"those higher wages for workers of a given educational level do not reflect only the greater size and larger inputs per worker in foreign plants, or their industry or location† (p.13). If considered all these factors, the foreign companies paid 12% and 20% more wages than domestic companies for blue-collar workers and white-collar workers respectively. Another evidence is taken by Ramstetter (1999), he did an research in five East Asian economies (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan) and made a report that wages in foreign plants were higher than domestic firms over 14-23 years, but the differences were not so significant in Singapore and Taiwan. It is a universal phenomenon that the wages in foreign companies are higher than domestic companies. Lipsey (2002) gave several explanations of this phenomenon. Firstly, higher wages may be caused by host-country regulations. Foreign firms are required to pay a higher price to the same quality workers in order to keep a good relationship with the host countries. Secondly, it could regard as compensation for the workers because they tend to choose local companies rather than foreign companies. Thirdly, as the foreign companies possess some advanced technology, they would rather pay more money to the employees to reduce the technology leaking resulted by stuff turnover. Last, the higher wages could count as an expense for attracting better employees because the foreign companies are not familiar with the labor market in host countries. Whether higher wages paid by foreign firms would affect the wages level in domestic firms and then change the wages level in host countries is another important question. The effects in wages of the local firms in host countries are referred as wage spillovers. Many studies focused on such wage spillovers as well as the effect to the overall wage level of the host countries taken by FDI. Aitken, Harrison, and Lipsey (1996) investigated the relationship between wages level and FDI in Venezuela and Mexico and found â€Å"no evidence of wage spillovers leading to higher wages for domestic firm†(Aitken et al., 1996, p.369). The lack of wages spillovers is in line with the different wages level between foreign and domestic companies. But there was a positive relationship between foreign ownership shares and averages industry wages, which means higher foreign ownership tend to increase industry wages. Besides, the effect was more significant for well skilled workers. The wage differ ences can be explained by â€Å"the greater human capital formation in foreign firms and lower turnover† (Aitken et al., 1996, p.369), well the increasing industry wages can be explained by the raising demand of labor in the foreign companies. Lipsey and Sjà ¶holm (2001) calculated the wage spillovers caused by FDI in Indonesia and found out foreign ownership could affect the wage level in domestic companies even if the difference in wage levels is not significant. Higher foreign ownership tend to increase the wage level of domestic companies, especially for white-collar than for blue-collar workers. We can conclude that the FDI activity has a positive effect to the overall wage levels of the host countries as the higher wages in foreign companies can increase the average wage level of the host countries, although wages spillovers to domestic companies are not always exist. As Lipsey (2002) summarized, the positive effect might caused by the higher wages paid by the foreign firms if there are no wages spillover to domestic companies; if there are positive wage spillovers, both higher wage level in foreign companies and the positive spillovers to domestic companies can contribute to the overall wage increasing; even when foreign companies take a negative effect to the wages of domestic companies, the negative spillovers could be offset by foreign companies higher wages, so it could not impact the wage level increasing in the host countries. 3. FDI And Host Country Productivity In this section, I will review the previous literatures based on two questions. The first one is whether the productivity is higher in foreign companies than domestic companies in developing countries. Only if the existence of higher productivity has been proved in foreign companies could the productivity spillover of FDI take place in developing countries. The second one is whether the higher productivity in foreign companies spills over to domestic companies. According to previous studies, comparisons of productivity between foreign-owned plants and domestic-owned plants were focused on the manufacturing sectors in developing countries. Lipsey (2002) gave a summary of Blomstrà ¶m and Wolffs working paper. They found that by measuring both value-added and gross output from manufacturing data of Mexcican in 1970, the productivity of foreign companies was more than twice of domestic companies on average. When comparing with domestic companies, the labor productivity in foreign companies was much higher in 20 manufacturing industries. They also found that the capital intensity in foreign companies was 2.5 times higher than Mexican domestic companies. Sjà ¶holm (1999, p.55) in his article examined intra-industry spillovers from FDI in the manufacturing sector of Indonesian. He used micro-level data to examine the difference in labour productivity between foreign and domestic companies in 28 industries. It was proved that technology level was higher in foreign firms than domestic firms in 26 out of 28 industries. A similar conclusion can be found in a working paper written by Okamoto and Sjà ¶holm (1999) which published in the same year. They reported in Indonesia, higher foreign shares of gross output than foreign share of employment between 1990 and 1995 indicated that foreign-owned companies had higher labor productivity. Many other studies also showed that in developing countries, the foreign companies have higher productivity than domestic companies. For Morocco, Haddad and Harrison (1993) compared the â€Å"deviation of firm productivity from each sectors best-practice frontier† in 18 industries from 1985 to 1989. They found a higher output per worker and a smaller deviation from best-practice frontiers in foreign companies than in domestic companies among total 12 industries. For Uruguay, value added per worker was used to estimate the difference in productivity between foreign and domestic owned companies. Result revealed that in 1988, the productivity in foreign firms was about 2 times as in domestic firms on average (Kokko, Zejan, and Tansini, 2001). According to a research of Taiwan manufacturing sector in 1991, Chuang and Lin (1999) found that labor productivity of MNCs was much higher than local firms, but total factor productivity of foreign companies was only slightly higher than lo cal companies. The study for Turkey between 1993 -1995 in which different elements of the production function were taken into account by Eridilek (2002), as well as the study for five Ease Asian economies (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan) in which Ramsteteer (1999) used value added per employee to measure labor productivity, both found that the average productivity of were significant higher in MNCs than in domestic firms. From all evidence mentioned above, the conclusion that â€Å"foreign companies have higher productivity than domestic companies† can be supported in developing countries no matter what measures have been used. This phenomenon may be resulted from â€Å"larger scale of production† or â€Å"higher capital intensity† in the foreign companies (Lipsey, 2002, p. 40). Before move to the research on whether host countries could get benefit from FDI in respect of productivity growth, we should first make clear when the productivity spillovers take place. Blomstrà ¶m and Kokko (1998) expressed that the productivity spillovers occur when establishment of foreign companies result in promoting the productivity and efficiency of the local companies in host countries, and the foreign companies can not completely internalize the value of these benefits. Another reason that productivity spillovers take place is the domestic companies are forced to improve the efficiency of using their existing technology and resources because the entry of foreign companies carried fierce competition to the host countries. The severe competition also leads the domestic companies to pursue new technologies which can result in the productivity spills out. Besides, we should also classify the different types of spillovers. Horizontal spillovers are the effects from foreign to local firms belonging to the same industry. Vertical spillovers occur both in upstream industries and downstream industries (Javrcik, 2004). For horizontal spillovers studies, Aitken and Harrison (1999) used a panel data of Venezuelan companies during 1976 to 1989, concluded that there are â€Å"no evidence supports the existence of technology spillovers† between foreign and local companies (p.617). Konings (2001) also used panel data to study the effect of FDI in Bulgara, Romania and Poland. According to their conclusion, they did not find any evidence of spillovers in these emerging market economies. Such results have also been supported by Djankov and Hoekman (2000). However, this conclusion can not be generalized from all the developing countries. Damijan et al. (2003) used firm-level data to study 8 transition countries between 1994 and 1998, found spi llovers from foreign to local companies were positive in Romania ( p.11). Besides, Kinoshita (2001) proved that the RD-intensive sectors of Czech Republic have positive horizontal spillovers. Compared with horizontal spillovers, â€Å"It is quite upbeat about the existence of vertical spillover† (Javrcik and Spatareanu, 2005, P.54). Since many existing articles have provided evidence of vertical spillovers in developing countries. In another paper of Javrcik (2004), firm-level panel data was used in testing the productivity spillovers in Lithuania. The results revealed positive spillovers from FDI in upstream sectors but the positive productivity spillovers were associated with partially owned foreign investments. Such existence of vertical spillovers has also been provided by Blalock and Gertler (2004) and Schoores and van der Tol (2001). Although most of the articles have a common idea on the existence of vertical spillovers, they cannot reach agreements in some questions, such as whether there are some positive spillovers carried by FDI in upstream industries. Javrcik and Spatareanu (2005) gave a theoretical assumption that if multinationals can benefit from the better performance of intermediate input suppliers, they would not take measures to prevent productivity spillovers from happening. Thus, a spillovers-channel would be established between foreign companies and their suppliers belonging to local firms. In their opinion, positive effects of FDI might take place in upstream industries as the foreign companies would impose an increasing demand and better quality of intermediate products, such requirements would stimulate local suppliers to improve their technology in productive activity, meanwhile, they can benefits from scale economies. It seems reasonable but is not always the case in reality. Lipsey (2002) in his article cited an unpublished paper written by Aitken and Harrison (1991), which showed â€Å"negative effects of foreign direct investment in an industry on productivity in upstream industries† in Venezuela (p.41). They also provided a possible reason that â€Å"foreign firms shift the demand for intermediate inputs from domestic to foreign producers, reducing the scale of output, and there fore productivity, in domestic production† (p.41). Other factors that could influent spillovers are also existent. Xu (2000) used data from 1966 to 1994 of US manufacturing MNCs in 40 countries to investigate whether MNCs can help international technology diffusion. The paper found a weak evidence of technology diffusion from US MNCs in less developed countries (LDCs). The explanation given by the author is most LDCs cannot reach â€Å"a human capital threshold of about 1.9 years (in terms of male secondary school attainment) to benefit from technology transfer of US MNE affiliates† (p. 491). A conclusion that â€Å"the technology spillover effects brought by FDI are not significant in less developed countries† could be abstracted from this paper. Some studies did support that local firms in developing countries can benefit from FDI, because productivity spillovers from foreign firms can help local firms to improve their existing technology as well as achieve scale economies. However, in more cases, the spillovers are not significant, even negative. So we can not make a simple conclusion as whether the positive spillovers are really existent is depend on different factors in different circumstances. 4. FDI And Host Countrys Economic Growth Economic growth, which is a common objective for all developing countries, can be achieved from productivity spillovers. Several authors have studied the interaction between FDI and economic growth in developing countries. De Mello (1999) found that spillovers of technology and knowledge from the foreign countries were two determinants of long-term growth in host countries and FDI has positive effects on economic growth in developing countries. Bende-Nabende (2001) used annual data from 1970 to 1996 studied on Asian countries and showed that in Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines there is a positive impact carried by FDI. Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles (2003) used data between 1970 and 1999 of Latin American countries and find that positive effect only take place in countries with more economic freedom. According to Kohpaiboon (2003) and Marwah and Tavakoli (2004), a positive correlation between FDI and GDP growth were showed in Thailand, Malaysia and Philippines. Moreover, several papers focused on FDI effect in China also reflected positive effect on economic growth (Vu et al., 2008, p. 546). However, not all the studies supported the positive effect of FDI in developing countries. In the research of Blomstrà ¶m, Lipsey, and Zejan (1994), developing countries were separated into two groups the higher income countries and the lower income countries -and reported that only the higher-income group FDI inflow lead to economic growth. Through the analysis on 69 developing countries in the period of 1970 to 1989, Carkovic and Levine (2002) used panel data to test the correlation between FDI and developing countries economic growth. The results showed that the effect of FDI inflows was not significant. The different methods and data choosing may lead to such different results. Some unknown factors would also affect the results. But they do not have so much impact to our conclusion. Based on the findings of previous studies, generally speaking, developing countries can benefit from FDI and achieve economic growth, 5. Conclusion The propose of this essay is try to estimate whether developing countries can get benefits from foreign direct investment. The effect of FDI has been classified into three aspects. Firstly, it is a universal phenomenon that the wages in foreign companies are higher than domestic companies. The FDI activity has a positive effect to the overall wage levels of the host countries, although wages spillovers to domestic companies are not always exist. Secondly, â€Å"foreign companies have higher productivity than domestic companies† can be supported by most of the available studies no matter what measures have been used. Although some findings reflected that local firms in developing countries can benefit from FDI by productivity spillovers, in more cases, the productivity spillovers are not significant, even negative. Thirdly, developing countries can benefit from FDI and achieve economic growth. Overall, we can get a positive conclusion that the host countries, especially the dev eloping countries, can benefit from foreign direct investment. References Aitken, B., Harrion, A., Lipsey, R. E., (1996) ‘Wages and foreign ownership: A comparative study of Mexico, Venezuela, and the United States, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 40 Issue 3-4, pp.345-371 ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Bende-Nabende, A., (2001) ‘ FDI, regional economic integration and endogenous growth, some evidence from Southeast Asia, Pacific Economic Revies, Vol. 6 Issue 3, pp.383-399 InterScience [Online]. Available at: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com / (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Blalock, Garrick. ‘Technology from Foreign Direct Investment: Strategic Transfer through Supply Chains. Paper presented at the Empirical Investigations in International Trade Conference at Purdue University, November 9-11, 2001 (part of doctoral research at Haas School of Business, University of California Berkeley). Blomstrà ¶m, M. and Kokko, A., (1998) ‘Multinational Corporations and Spillovers, Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 12 Issue 3, pp.246-277 EBSCO [Online]. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Borensztein, E., Goregorio, D. J., Lee, J-W (1998) ‘How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp.115-135 ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Carkovic, M. V. and Levine, R. (2002) ‘Does Foreign Direct Investment Accelerate Economic Growth?, University of Minnesota Department of Finance working Paper SSRN[Online]. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Chakraborty, C. and Basu, P., (2002) ‘Foreign direct investment and growth in India: a cointegration approach, Routledge, part of the Taylor Francis Group, Vol. 34 Issue 9, pp.1061-1073 [Online]. Available at: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Chuang, Y. C. and Lin C. M., (1999) ‘Foreign Direct Investment, RD, and Spillover Efficiency: Evidence from Taiwans Manufacturing Firms, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 35 Issue 4, pp.117-137 EBSCO [Online]. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Damijan, J. P., Knell, M. S., Majcen, B., Rojec, M (2003) ‘The role of FDI, RD accumulation and trade in transferring technology to transition countries: evidence from firm panel data for eight transition countries, Economic Systems, Vol. 27 Issue 2, pp.189-204 EconPapers [Online]. Available at: http://econpapers.repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) De Mello, Jr.,L.R., (1999) ‘FDI-led growth: evidence from time series and panel data , Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 51 Issue 1, pp.133-151 OXFORD FOURNALS [Online]. Available at: http://oep.oxfordjournals.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Gà ¶rg, H. and Greenaway, D., (2000) ‘Multinational enterprises, technology diffusion, and host country productivity growth , Research Paper 2000/12, Centre for Research on Globalisation and Labour Markets, University of Nottingham. Available at: http://globalisationandeconomicpolicy.com (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Haddad, M. and Harrison, A., (1993) ‘Are there positive spillovers from direct foreign investment? Evidence from panel data for Morocco , Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 42 Issue 1, pp.51-74 RePEc [Online]. Available at: http://repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Javorcik, B. S. and Spatareanu, M., (2005) ‘Does foreign direct investment promote development?, PP. 45-71, Available at: www.economics.ox.ac.uk (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Javorcik, B. S. (2004) ‘Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages , The American Economic Review, Vol. 94 Issue 3, pp.605-627 JSTOR [Online]. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Kathuria, V., (2001) ‘Productivity Spillovers from Technology Transfer to Indian Manufacturing Firms, Journal of International Development, Vol. 12 Issue 3, pp.343-369 InterScience [Online]. Available at: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/home (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Kohpaiboon,A., (2003) ‘Foreign trade regimes and the FDI-growth nexus: a case study of Thailand , Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 40 Issue 2, pp.55-69 RePEc [Online]. Available at: http://repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Kokko, A., Zejan, M., Tansini, R., (2001) ‘Trade Regimes and Spillover Effects of FDI: Evidence from Uruguay, Economics of Transition, Vol. 137 Issue 1, pp.124-149 RePEc [Online]. Available at: http://repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Konings, J., (2001) ‘The effects of foreign direct investment on domestic firms: Evidence from firm-level panel data in emerging economies, Economics of Transition, Vol. 9 Issue 3, pp.619-633 EBSCO [Online]. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Lipsey, R. E. and Sjà ¶holm (2001) ‘Foreign Direct Investment and Wages in Indonesian Manufacturing, NBER Working Paper No. 8299, Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research. Available at: www.nber.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Lipsey, R. E., (2002) ‘HOME AND HOST COUNTRY EFFECTS OF FDI , NBER Working Paper No. 9293*Issued in October 2002 NBER Program(s): NBER [Online]. Available at: http://www.nber.org (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Marwah, K. and Tavakoli, A. (2004) ‘The effect of foreign capital and imports on economic growth: further evidence from four Asian countries (1970-1998) , Journal of Asian Economics, Vol. 15 Issue 2, pp.399-413 ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Okamoto, Y. and Sjà ¶holm, F., (1999) ‘FDI and the Dynamics of Productivity: Microeconomic Evidence, Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance, No. 348, Stockholm School of Economics, December. RePEc [Online]. Available at: http://repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Ramstetter, E. D., (1999) ‘Comparisons of Foreign Multinationals and Local Firms in Asian Manufacturing Over Time, Asian Economic Journal, Vol. 13 Issue 2, pp.163-203 EBSCO [Online]. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Sanchez-Robles, B. and Bengoa-Calvo, M. (2002) ‘ FDI, economic freedom, and growth: new evidence from Latin America, Universidad de Cantabria, Economics Working Paper No. 4/03. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=353940 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.353940 (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Sjà ¶holm, F., (1999) ‘Technology Gap, Competition and Spillovers from Direct Foreign Investment: Evidence from Establishment Data, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 36 Issue 1, pp.53-73 RePEc [Online]. Available at: http://repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Vu, T. B., Gangnes, B., Noy, I. (2008) ‘Is foreign direct investment good for growth? Evidence from sectoral analysis of China and Vietnam , Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, Vol. 13 Issue 4, pp.542-562 informaworld [Online]. Available at: http://www.informaworld.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Xu, B, (2000) ‘Multinational enterprises, technology diffusion, and host country productivity growth , Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 62 Issue 2, pp.477-493 RePEc [Online]. Available at: http://repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009)

B2B vs. B2C Marketing Differences Essay example -- Marketing Business

B2B vs. B2C Marketing Differences Once a decision is made to develop a business, whom the customer will be is the next decision to be made. Whom will the company target as a customer? Will it be a business? Or will it be a consumer? Business-to-business (B2B) marketing has differences from business-to-consumer (B2C) marketing practices. This paper will outline these differences between the two types of e-commerce business transactions. 'Traditional marketing in the business-to-business environment requires very different strategies from those campaigns directed towards the consumer market.' (ExtraVision, n.d., p. 1) 'Consumer competition can be a lot fiercer, with customer loyalty a constant battle.? (ExtraVision, n.d., p.1) Routes of marketing in business today include e-mail, pop up advertisement, television and banner advertising. This paper will primarily focus on e-mail marketing. E-mail marketing is different when marketing to a business versus a consumer. Debbie Weil (2002) lists five ways business-to-business marketing is different from business-to-consumer email marketing. Weil (2002) says these five ways are:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Distance from click to sale  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Permission  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Copyrighting Challenge  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lists  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B2B: the more interesting option (p.1) When discussing the concept of the distance from the click to the sale, Weil (2002) explains business-to-business e-mails are primarily for lead generation. On the other hand, an e-mail campaign for a busin...

Essay --

1. On April 22, 2013 a jury trial was planned for commence as the result of Timelines, Inc. suing Facebook, Inc. for trademark infringement. Timelines, Inc. filed with the courts after noticing that Facebook, Inc. added the new â€Å"Timeline† feature to its member profiles. Facebook motioned for a summary judgment, but the U.S. District Court for Northern District of Illinois turned down Facebook’s motion for a summary judgment. The reason they denied this motion is because Facebook failed to prove that the word â€Å"timeline† was of fair use, and that the term â€Å"timelines† was just a generic term. A party that moves for a summary judgment is trying to save the time and expense of a full trial when the outcome is usually obvious. Since Timelines, Inc. has a registered trademark of the â€Å"timelines† phrase; the court affirmed that they were entitled to a presumption of validity. If I were a member of the jury, I would rule in favor of Timelines, Inc. because Facebook went against the trademark laws, and was not able to prove that the phrase â€Å"timeline† was of fair use. Fair use can be proved only if the defense can prove that such use was for a purpose other than that normally made of a trademark. The party that is being charged with trademark infringement may defeat proceedings ONLY if it can prove a valid exception of fair use. If companies did not trademark their mark, multiple companies would use similar marks causing consumer confusion about the origin of the defendant’s goods/services. As much as I love Facebook, I feel as though they took someone else’s creation, and used their power to make the concept legendary. Trademark infringement is a violation of the exclusive rights attached to a trademark without the authorization of the tra... ... the duplication of the copyrighted work must be outside the exceptions. The combination, the lyrics and associated melodies, intonations, and usage are too similar to the original. This violates the copyright trademark laws, and it is protectable material. The puzzle pieces match knowing that the composer’s advisors, John and Charles, listened to her song in 2008, critiqued it, and told her it was best as a duet. Copyright infringement is the act of violating any of a copyright owner’s exclusive rights that were granted by the Federal Copyright Act. The only exceptions to the copyright law are fair use, face-to-face instruction, and virtual instruction. These exceptions allow someone to use work without permission from the copyright holder, and potentially paying fees. If Bowen wins the case, she could potentially receive the actual dollar amount of the profits. Essay -- 1. On April 22, 2013 a jury trial was planned for commence as the result of Timelines, Inc. suing Facebook, Inc. for trademark infringement. Timelines, Inc. filed with the courts after noticing that Facebook, Inc. added the new â€Å"Timeline† feature to its member profiles. Facebook motioned for a summary judgment, but the U.S. District Court for Northern District of Illinois turned down Facebook’s motion for a summary judgment. The reason they denied this motion is because Facebook failed to prove that the word â€Å"timeline† was of fair use, and that the term â€Å"timelines† was just a generic term. A party that moves for a summary judgment is trying to save the time and expense of a full trial when the outcome is usually obvious. Since Timelines, Inc. has a registered trademark of the â€Å"timelines† phrase; the court affirmed that they were entitled to a presumption of validity. If I were a member of the jury, I would rule in favor of Timelines, Inc. because Facebook went against the trademark laws, and was not able to prove that the phrase â€Å"timeline† was of fair use. Fair use can be proved only if the defense can prove that such use was for a purpose other than that normally made of a trademark. The party that is being charged with trademark infringement may defeat proceedings ONLY if it can prove a valid exception of fair use. If companies did not trademark their mark, multiple companies would use similar marks causing consumer confusion about the origin of the defendant’s goods/services. As much as I love Facebook, I feel as though they took someone else’s creation, and used their power to make the concept legendary. Trademark infringement is a violation of the exclusive rights attached to a trademark without the authorization of the tra... ... the duplication of the copyrighted work must be outside the exceptions. The combination, the lyrics and associated melodies, intonations, and usage are too similar to the original. This violates the copyright trademark laws, and it is protectable material. The puzzle pieces match knowing that the composer’s advisors, John and Charles, listened to her song in 2008, critiqued it, and told her it was best as a duet. Copyright infringement is the act of violating any of a copyright owner’s exclusive rights that were granted by the Federal Copyright Act. The only exceptions to the copyright law are fair use, face-to-face instruction, and virtual instruction. These exceptions allow someone to use work without permission from the copyright holder, and potentially paying fees. If Bowen wins the case, she could potentially receive the actual dollar amount of the profits.

Cross-Cultural Communication Game

Introduction Cross cultural communication becomes an essential element in the organization because of the increase and interest in globalization and the diversity in the work environments. The employees in the company will be separated into diverse groups and sub-groups, those groups will have their own verbal and non-verbal communication styles which may create disagreement or conflict within the organization, especially in the multinational company.Objectives of the game The major goals of the games are: I) Introducing to a group about communication pattern change when there are cultural differences, II) Understanding both cultural behaviors and communication patterns can impact negotiation between two groups. Equipment and materials required In terms of resources needed, an overhead projector, a computer and blackboard are needed during the game. Also, paper and gifts would be prepared too. Procedure 1.Divide the students into two groups which are Alpha group and Beta group, they will have a paper showing their own characteristics in the game 2. Choose two leaders in Alpha group and two leaders in Beta group 3. Solve the distribution of reward problem in their own group first. The first round discussion will be recorded by the game holder. 4. After 10 minutes, half of the members in each group will exchange to another group, they will discuss the problem again.They will have cross cultural communication through the group exchanging. The discussion will be recorded by the game holder. 5. Based on the above discussion, each group requires to reporting the results of the negotiation. Time allocation Our management game is â€Å"Alpha-Beta partnership†. Firstly, 3-5 minutes would be allocated on giving students the background information and objectives of the game, and separating them into 2 groups. Then 22 minutes would be the management game session.Lastly, the rest of time would be used to be a debriefing session and a simple conclusion on the manageme nt game. Activities| Time spend| Introduction| 3 minutes| Dividing into groups| 2 minutes| Game on Alpha-Beta partnership| 22 minutes(2 minutes for them to exchange)| Conclusion and feedback| 10 minutes| Reference: http://books. google. com. hk/books? id=49L0vgdcdLAC&pg=PA11&hl=zh-CN&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false

Othello’s character Essay

Shakespeare’s character, Othello, was certainly a believable character. Although he was a man who was a leader, of high military/social standing, he was still just a man. Perhaps when one holds such a high standing within a community or nation, their followers/admirers tend to forget that they are, just as we all are, only human. Othello’s mistake was that he unknowingly allowed himself to be influenced by Iago. Manipulation is a very powerful tool, especially if used by someone who has taken the time to study the human mind. With manipulation comes distrust, doubt, insecurity, and perhaps even fear. Othello was manipulated beyond his ability to recognize what Iago’s ‘plan’ was. His love for Desdemona, jealousy and insecurities most likely clouded his ability to percieve what was really going on and as a result he not only committed the tragic sin of murdering his true love, but also committed the ultimate sin of self-destruction. Although the saga of Othello was written long ago, the similarities of its misadventures are very similar to those of today’s society. How many of us have been truly duped by someone that we have put our complete faith and trust in? How like the people of today to be fueled by jealousy and rage their normally crystal clear outlook could turn to complete and utter despairingly gray? What would it take to turn the complete love and devotion of a husband into a murderous stranger toward the one person that he has pledged to love for all of eternity? How sad that Iago’s extreme jealously could target and destroy something as pure and beautiful as the love Othello had for Desdemona. It is quiet tragic that such jealousy could destroy such a great and powerful military leader. It seemed for as much as Othello loved his wife, she was in fact his Achilles’ heel. I cannot imagine the sickening horror that Desdemona felt when she realized that there was no defending herself from the tiny, poisonous seed planted by Iago. There was no defense in the eyes of Othello as his wife paid the ultimate price. I wonder how many relationships today have fallen victim to tragedy because of a well-placed comment of doubt or shadow on one’s character. In today’s extreme number of murder and divorce, I think that Othello and his terrible story are quite believable.

Analysis on Quality Improvement in Federal Prison Essay

Introduction In the light of establishing a furnished description of the subject tackled on this paper — quality improvement (QI) is an organized approach to planning and implementing continuous improvement in performance. Although QI holds promise for improving quality of care and patient safety, federal prisons that adopt QI often struggle with its implementation. This article examines the role of organizational infrastructure in implementation of quality improvement practices and structures in the federal prison.   The author gives more attention specifically on four elements of organizational support and infrastructure for QI-integrated data systems, financial support for QI, organizational integration, and information system capability. Further, these macrolevel factors provide consistent, ongoing support for the QI efforts of clinical teams engaging in direct patient care, thus promoting institutionalization of QI. Results from the multivariate analysis of 1997 survey data on 2,350 federal prisons provide strong support for the hypotheses. Results signal that organizations intent upon improving quality must attend to the context in which QI efforts are practiced, and that such efforts are unlikely to be effective unless appropriate support systems are in place to ensure full implementation. This paper addresses these gaps by examining the role of multiple elements of organizational infrastructure in implementation of QI practices and structures in the federal prison. Our results are intended to provide managers with information about the kinds of resource commitments and structural changes that enhance the value of their investment in QI, and to help policy makers identify policies or incentives that would help the federal prison management reach its utmost desire in the sagacity of Time Quality Management and other sort. Analysis This section consists of a continuous improvement model and the tools of improvement arranged in a logical flow to get the desired results. The emphasis is on all employees. This model and the basic tools utilized can be learned and effectively applied by everyone. There are many statistically based programs that are helpful for driving improvements on very technical problems. These programs are good for what they are designed to do. The limitation is that often they only engage a small percentage of the workforce. Typically, a few managers and a few technologists or engineers will be involved. There are also some good problem-solving techniques available that, all too often, are applied only after a customer-upsetting incident has occurred. Most organizations have, literally, tons of data, and yet very few of them are using it effectively. Within this continuous improvement teaming, you will learn how to convert data into information. The tools that will be used to do this are Pareto diagrams, histograms, scatter diagrams, and charting. Where more information is required, you will learn how to design and implement check sheets to gather the data required to provide the sought-for information. In the beginning of a continuous improvement program, one only needs to have the visibility with regard to the effect of things which are not being performed well in the provision of high quality product or service to the subjects.   With the use of this certain flow of organizational improvement, it shall be easier to make us of a diagram which illustrates the essence of conjunction and brainstorming, hence, not undermining the other external and internal functions bereft the subjects under study.   The poor effects of the organizational strategies which has been utilized may give light on the sagacity of improving the organization’s standards and the elimination of the unnecessary ideas for that instance. Aside from that, if the certain causes are found to be that which is isolated to specific are, person, or time period within the operation, the it will most likely be easier to get a through glimpse of the operation thus learning an echelon of stratification techniques and other unique case which shall be pondered on by the launchers of the study. The factors which have been stated may be that which are implicitly defining the crucial state of improvement and other sort of the like.   However, such does not dente weakness, but rather an innate sense of quality analysis as shown in the diagram below[1].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though the diagram is that which is not focused on the federal prison arena, still, the idea is the same.   The improvement process is a cyclical form hence, having internal and external collaborations.   As stressed by Lewis and Clark in the improvement process, it is important to bear in mind that improvement itself does not stop in a certain peak.   Nevertheless, all state should be equally given consideration and in order to achieve the summit of total satisfaction, it must not only dwell on the ability of the tangibility of entities, but behavioral realms as well. Conclusion Reflecting the growing emphasis on organizational systems of care, QI is an organized approach to planning and implementing continuous improvement in performance. QI emphasizes continuous examination and improvement of work processes by teams of organizational members trained in basic statistical techniques and problem-solving tools who are empowered to make decisions based on their analyses of the data. Like other systems-based approaches, QI stresses that quality depends foremost on the processes by which services are designed and delivered. The systemic focus of QI complements a growing recognition in the field that the quality of the care delivered by clinicians depends substantially on the performance capability of the organizational systems in which they work. While individual clinician competence remains important, many increasingly see the capability of organizational systems to prevent errors, coordinate care among settings and practitioners, and ensure that relevant, accurate information is available when needed as critical elements in providing high-quality care. We argue that implementation of QI in federal prison settings can be facilitated by organizational structures, resources, and operational systems that provide a supportive context for enhancing both the scope and intensity of clinical QI efforts. Scope refers to the extent or range of application of QI philosophy and methods, and, as such, it indicates the pervasiveness with which QI practices permeate organizational structures and routines. QI emphasizes organization-wide commitment and involvement because most-if not all-vital work processes span many individuals, disciplines, and departments (Berwick, Godfrey, and Roessner 1990; James 1989). Intensity refers to the strength of application or degree of focus on QI philosophy and methods and therefore, indicates the degree of development of the QI effort. In a well-developed QI effort, continuous improvement becomes an integral part of the daily work life of organizational members, as opposed to an intermittent or circumscribed activity (Berwick 1990; Deming 1986; Ishikawa 1985). While quality control remains important, continuous improvement becomes the primary goal (Berwick).    References:   Creech, B. (1995). The Five Pillars of TQM: How to Make Total Quality Management Work for You. New York: Plume. Foss, N. (1996). Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. Schwab, D. P. (2004). Research Methods for Organizational Studies (Second ed.). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum. Williamson, O. E. (1995). Organization Theory: From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond (Expanded ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, USA. [1] Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI); Lewis and Clark Model.